因滥用Android市场主导地位被罚1.77亿美元，谷歌称将上诉

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"据韩媒"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.yna.co.kr\/view\/AEN20210914003800320","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"报道"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，韩国公平委员会对Alphabet旗下谷歌开了约1.77亿美元的罚单，因为谷歌"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"涉嫌滥用其Android操作系统的市场主导地位，阻碍竞争对手发展"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在公平委员会看来，谷歌要求三星电子、LG电子等厂商签署的反碎片化协议（AFA）（不允许厂商自己开发、安装 Android 分支系统）限制了竞争对手进入移动操作系统领域，扼杀了智能手机新操作系统的开发和创新。此前，在没有签署 AFA 的情况下，手机厂商则不能签署移动应用程序分发协议（MADA），该协议允许厂商在自家的设备上安装谷歌应用商店、谷歌搜索和 YouTube。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"委员会通过透露 LG 曾经为亚马逊开发 Fire 平板电脑（运行 Android 分支系统的设备）的案例说明谷歌这些协议带来的寒蝉效应。当初在原型开发出来后，LG 意识到 AFA 和 MADA 协议可能对其自有品牌设备访问 Android 带来风险，因此停止了相关工作，该产品也从未上架。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"委员会还指出，三星首次尝试打造智能手表的时候也遭到谷歌的阻挠，结果它被迫开发 Tizen 操作系统——尽管它缺乏第三方应用的生态系统，而谷歌当时甚至没有用于可穿戴设备的操作系统。颇具讽刺意味的是，谷歌前阵子“"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.theregister.com\/2021\/05\/19\/google_samsung_merge_wearable_oses\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"放弃"}]},{"type":"text","text":"”了 WearOS 并将其与 Tizen 合并。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"类似的例子还有 AFA 在 2018 年限制了LG 智能音箱和亚马逊智能电视的推出。总的来说，委员会认为谷歌的行为损害了许多产品的创新。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了罚款之外，韩国监管机构还命令谷歌不能再强制设备制造商签署所谓的反碎片化协议，并且要对已签好的协议进行修改。同时，该公平委员会也在调查谷歌应用商店的规则、应用内购买以及广告方面的公正交易问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对此，谷歌在发给媒体的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-09-14\/south-korea-fines-google-for-abusing-smartphone-dominance?sref=10lNAhZ9","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"声明"}]},{"type":"text","text":"中称，谷歌将就韩国公正交易委员会的这项决定"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"提起上诉"},{"type":"text","text":"。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"谷歌发言人称，Android 的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/source.android.com\/compatibility\/overview","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"兼容性计划"}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"其实加速了创新并改善了用户体验"},{"type":"text","text":"，对于包括韩国厂商在内的许多公司都是有益的。而韩国监管机构忽略了这些益处。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“Android 的目的是构建一个开放平台，供开发者打造创新应用。”官方对Android的愿景如此描述。Android 兼容性计划由三个关键部分组成：Android 开源项目的源代码；兼容性定义文档 (CDD)，介绍兼容性的“政策”；兼容性测试套件 (CTS)，介绍兼容性的“机制”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然韩国对谷歌罚款1.77亿美元，但谷歌的季度数据相比，该罚款数额只是“一笔小钱”。谷歌 2020 年的收入为 1469 亿美元，净收入已经突破 400 亿美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事到如今，谷歌在移动软件领域的主导地位也很难因此受到撼动，更无法拯救LG的手机业务。今年4月，LG正式宣布退出智能手机业务。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此前，韩国还在8月下旬"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/e5jqptqbffe8homzgnxi","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"批准了一项法案"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，要求无论是谷歌的 Google Play，还是苹果的 App Store，都不可再强制要求开发者使用平台唯一的支付系统。此举使韩国成为世界上第一个制定此类法律的国家。"}]}]}