美国拉拢欧盟联手遏制中国，欧盟：我们来谈合作，你在跟我玩站队？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美国和欧盟召开会议，联手遏制中国"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"9月29日，据路透社报道，美国和欧盟周三同意深化跨大西洋合作，以强化半导体供应链，遏制中国的非市场贸易行为，并采取更统一的方式监管大型的、全球性科技企业。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"来自两大洲的高级内阁官员在启动一个新论坛——美国-欧盟贸易和技术理事会（TTC）时，还承诺在甄别敏感的军民两用技术出口投资及"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzU1NDA4NjU2MA==&mid=2247540927&idx=2&sn=4a1d65f98c140308e2a2afae714e534a&chksm=fbea9970cc9d106607f1e00694235fe21f828da11fb05e9cc244d15f2a5ee299f04ae1a872e2&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人工智能"}]},{"type":"text","text":"开发方面展开合作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"据悉，TTC第一次会议是在一个机器人和人工智能技术开发中心举行，会议由美国国务卿Antony Blinken、商务部长Gina Raimondo、美国贸易代表Katherine Tai、欧盟贸易专员Valdis Dombrovskis和欧盟竞争事务专员Margrethe Vestager主持。会议目标包括促进美欧之间的创新与投资、强化供应链，并且避免不必要的贸易障碍。欧盟官方网站消息显示，TTC 最初包括以下工作组："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"技术标准合作（包括人工智能和物联网等新兴技术）气候和绿色科技包括半导体在内的供应链安全ICT安全和竞争力数据治理和技术平台滥用技术威胁安全和人权出口管制投资筛选促进中小企业获取和使用数字技术全球贸易挑战。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美国试图拉拢欧盟与其在对华贸易问题上达成统一战线，但这个联盟组织内部各利益体间也存在诸多分歧。例如，法国对美国本月决定向澳大利亚提供核潜艇感到愤怒，美国的行为导致了堪培拉方面取消了与法国价值400亿美元的潜艇合同，这几乎导致了这次会议的流产。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"尽管如此，但此次会议美国与欧盟也达成了一些共识。美国和欧盟政府支持一项加强半导体供应链的联合声明，这份声明最初重点是缓解短期供应瓶颈，并明确未来长期供应链也将十分脆弱等问题。声明中提出，“要从研究、设计到制造方面强化我们国内的半导体生态系统，以提高供应链的韧性。”这个联盟还表示，他们将努力避免补贴竞争行为，以吸引芯片投资和寻求正确的激励措施。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此次会议中没有提到中国，但表示：“我们将团结一致，继续保护我们的企业、消费者和工人免受不公平贸易行为的伤害，尤其是那些破坏世界贸易体系的非市场经济体带来的伤害。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但据CNBC报道，新成立的贸易和技术委员会是拜登政府利用美国和欧洲的联合经济实力以更好地与中国竞争的最新举措。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"拜登政府保留了美国前总统特朗普征收的关税，但与特朗普政府不同的是，拜登当局在对华政策上寻求与盟友更多的合作。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"该声明没有具体说明第二次TTC会议的时间框架，但欧盟官员表示，这可能会在2022年春天在欧洲举行。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"贸易战中没有赢家"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在经历了突如起来的疫情后，各国的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzU1NDA4NjU2MA==&mid=2247540551&idx=1&sn=4617c7b7ea7ba1ffb2c467bfd1fe4921&chksm=fbeae688cc9d6f9ef808845fedd25a3cb0f98094addd5f162a083b990484c0ecf22923cc670d&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"贸易"}]},{"type":"text","text":"都受到了很大的影响。加之进出口关税限制、实名制裁等贸易壁垒，让各企业主体的生存环境越发艰难。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自2017 年 4 月 时任美国总统的特朗普要求，美国商务部对进口钢铁产品启动 232 调查以来，中美贸易开始进入寒冬。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2017 年 4 月 27 日，应美国总统要求，美国商务部对进口铝产品启动 232 调查。2018 后 4 月 5 日，中国就美国进口钢铁和铝产品 232 措施，正式启动争端解决程序。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中美双方第一回合的“过招”结果是：美国对中国进口钢铁和铝分别征收 25% 和 10% 的关税（表示不针对特定国家，但是豁免了欧盟、澳大利亚、加拿大、墨西哥、韩国等经济体），中国回击以鲜水果、干果等 7 类、约价值 30 亿美元的 128 个税项产品。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2018年3 月 22 日，美国贸易代表处宣布将对中国 1300 类产品征收贸易关税，在 15 天内将公布建议加征关税的产品清单；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"3 月 23 日，美国总统特朗普在白宫正式签署对华贸易备忘录，宣布将有可能对从中国进口的 600 亿美元商品加征关税，并限制中国企业对美投资并购；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4 月 3 日，美国贸易代表办公室（USTR）根据“301 调查”公布了拟加征关税的中国商品清单，涉及每年从中国进口的价值约 500 亿美元约 1300 种商品，主要针对航空航天、信息和通信技术、机器人、医药和机械等行业。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4月 4 日，经国务院批准，国务院关税税则委员会决定对原产于美国的大豆、汽车、化工品等 14 类 106 项商品加征 25% 的关税（500 亿美元）。实施日期将视美国政府对我商品加征关税实施情况，由国务院关税税则委员会另行公布。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"......"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"纵观历史上的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzU1NDA4NjU2MA==&mid=2247489991&idx=1&sn=77cb189444e56d370fea45ee9465d8ce&chksm=fbe9a008cc9e291ebdb176aeb237f184e5035eb2d07b922409baabb1fff737ccee8dfd4122c2&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"贸易战"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，结果从来都是两败俱伤。尽管如此，美国在对华贸易问题上态度仍然坚决，显而易见，欧美这场会议的主要针对者仍然是中国。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近些年来，中国一些科技企业跻身全球巨头行列。这让美国担心北京很快将在部分特定的敏感技术领域获取主导地位，并以此作为一种战略优势。一些观察家由此认为，美中之间已经进入\"新冷战\"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是欧盟官员则不厌其烦地强调，新的欧美联盟应该重在彼此合作，而不是针对某一特定国家。欧盟迄今为止对中国采取相对不那么具有对抗性的政策路线。原因之一是，27个成员国中的部分国家与中国拥有密切的经贸关系，在如何应对中国的问题上也有不少分歧。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"参考链接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/us-eu-launch-consultations-tech-regulations-trade-china-2021-09-29\/"}]}]}