| 目錄 |
場景：
正在按《第一行代碼——Android（第3版）》寫Kotlin代碼，寫了一個 HelloWorld， 點擊“運行”時報錯
錯誤提示：
> Task :app:processDebugAndroidTestManifest FAILED E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1257258968881101446.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details. E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1257258968881101446.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details. E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1257258968881101446.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details.
解決思路：
（1）通過以 --debug 選項運行，重新查看更加詳細的錯誤信息 （點擊下圖 --debug option，將自動再以該選項運行）
（2）得到更加詳細的錯誤提示：
2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging library manifest C:\Users\BensonLaur\.gradle\caches\transforms-3\ee2f476fa0c3550d01ea1b26bf917f27\transformed\monitor-1.3.0\AndroidManifest.xml 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging manifest with lower [androidx.test:monitor:1.3.0] AndroidManifest.xml:17:1-24:12 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] uses-sdk defined in both files... 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging uses-sdk with lower [androidx.test:monitor:1.3.0] AndroidManifest.xml:20:5-22:41 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging library manifest C:\Users\BensonLaur\.gradle\caches\transforms-3\eba7c60eedbe1207821675fbca04aee1\transformed\espresso-idling-resource-3.3.0\AndroidManifest.xml 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging manifest with lower [androidx.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:3.3.0] AndroidManifest.xml:17:1-24:12 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] uses-sdk defined in both files... 2021-11-12T07:57:44.384+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] Merging uses-sdk with lower [androidx.test.espresso:espresso-idling-resource:3.3.0] AndroidManifest.xml:20:5-22:41 2021-11-12T07:57:44.385+0800 [ERROR] [org.gradle.api.Task] E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1866872685080210847.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details. 2021-11-12T07:57:44.385+0800 [ERROR] [org.gradle.api.Task] E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1866872685080210847.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details. 2021-11-12T07:57:44.385+0800 [ERROR] [org.gradle.api.Task] E:\AndroidProject\app\build\intermediates\tmp\manifest\androidTest\debug\tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1866872685080210847.xml Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for <activity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. See https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/manifest/activity-element#exported for details. 2021-11-12T07:57:44.385+0800 [INFO] [org.gradle.api.Task] -- Merging decision tree log ---
（3）分析錯誤
錯誤直接來自一個臨時文件：tempFile1ProcessTestManifest1866872685080210847.xml （該文件應該是前序步驟生成的，因爲是中間文件，思路上不應該直接修改，因爲修改了可能也沒用）
點擊上圖錯誤前的第一個提示的 “AndroidManifest.xml” : espresso-idling-resource-3.3.0\AndroidManifest.xml
進入對應的文件中：
觀察到，多個地方提到 使用的 sdk 的問題（uses-sdk），而且具體提示了：uses-sdk defined in both files...
注意到 espresso-idling-resource-3.3.0\AndroidManifest.xml 裏面的 targetSdkVersion 是 28
而我自己項目裏的 build.gradle 是指定了 targetSdk 31
（4）推測是 sdk 版本兼容問題，將項目 targetSdk 改爲 28
問題解決：
解決思路參考：https://blog.csdn.net/Juice_Lover/article/details/120076991