DevOps反模式

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"要在團隊中推動DevOps實踐落地，一個良好的DevOps服務層必不可少。本文總結了構建DevOps服務層需要關注的要點和常見的錯誤。原文：Five DevOps AntiPattern and How to Avoid Them","attrs":{}},{"type":"sup","content":[{"type":"text","text":"[1]","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如今幾乎每個開發人員都在爲某個已經實施了DevOps或者正在致力於推動DevOps戰略的項目或公司工作，但我們在實施DevOps的時候，經常做錯一些最基本的事情。本文解釋了以錯誤的方式實施DevOps時的五種反模式。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什麼是DevOps","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DevOps是開發和運維的結合，目標是使軟件團隊可以在整個應用程序生命週期中獨立的開發和運行他們的軟件，如下圖所示。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/99/99c65667d00a9fc59e30e7c4f1b9af61.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":9}}],"text":"DevOps應用程序生命週期：計劃，開發，構建，測試，發佈，部署，監控，反饋-迭代","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人們普遍認爲DevOps團隊積累了大量運維知識來幫助運行應用程序，但事實卻與此相反，他們依賴各種服務幫助管理應用程序的運維，這些服務由各領域專家實現，專門爲了簡化DevOps團隊的應用程序運維而構建。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"服務層","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這些服務構建在特定的基礎設施或其他軟件之上，並提供易於訪問的抽象。服務可以是運行應用程序的數據庫即服務(Database as A service, DBaaS)、平臺即服務(Platform as A service, PaaS)等。下圖展示了DevOps團隊如何從服務層使用服務，通過提供開箱即用的解決方案來簡化他們的工作。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/2c/2ce72146b1554a6e45bbffcedf55f2d5.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":9}}],"text":"服務層爲軟件開發團隊提供服務——軟件開發團隊可以使用服務來管理整個軟件生命週期","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"應用程序的開發人員使用服務，被稱爲服務使用者，服務層的開發人員提供服務，被稱爲服務提供者。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反模式1：服務層不是自助服務層。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"假設服務層需要它的消費者與某人或某物取得聯繫，在這種情況下，引入的依賴關係會減緩開發流程，浪費使用者和提供者的時間，因爲最好將其自動化。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"在DevOps團隊中，更少的依賴會帶來更高的生產力！","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了提高效率並使服務層能夠擴展，有必要在整個過程中提供自助服務功能。這樣，使用者就可以獨立使用服務，而無需等待或依賴於服務提供者。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反模式2：使用者需要知道服務實現的技術細節才能使用它。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果人們想要使用特定服務，不應該需要知道它的技術規範。例如，如果消費者需要知道服務層引入了新的語言或框架，那就會增加DevOps團隊所需的知識。而由於團隊需要在覈心技術棧和服務層的其他語言、框架之間切換，這將降低人們的工作效率。如果配置不能通過服務接口快速完成，那麼就需要記住大量的技術知識。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"抽象的技術實現，讓服務易於使用！但只是將不相關的複雜性進行抽象，而不會影響到重要的功能。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"消費者也是特定應用程序的開發人員，他們知道自己應用程序的技術棧，並且是這個領域的專家。如果他們使用來自第三方的服務，技術實現必然與他們無關。當然，他們需要知道服務以及它是如何工作的，但是實現細節並不相關。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反模式3：對消費者而言，服務不夠一目瞭然。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果不夠一目瞭然，那麼這個服務要麼不會被使用，要麼使用者需要聯繫提供者以獲得所需的信息。和人的接觸會大大減緩使用過程。既浪費了時間，又浪費了金錢。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"記住，消費者不是專家！","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"爲了提供更好的消費體驗，服務應該是一目瞭然、不言自明的。通過創建一個嚮導來描述必要的步驟，或者提供內置在服務接口中的步驟指南。同時，傾聽消費者的訴求。反饋很關鍵，消費者和提供者之間的工作反饋循環是高質量服務層的支柱。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反模式4：開發人員不知道服務存在或找不到它。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"營銷是關鍵！作爲供應商，你的工作是向消費者宣傳你提供的產品以及告訴他們如何消費這些產品。提供包含消費者所需的所有信息的完整的服務中心、最新的概述，提供訂閱功能，從而使新信息也成爲自助服務，從而能夠自動通知消費者關於更改或新版本的信息。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"博客文章是描述和介紹服務層的新服務並更深入的解釋它們的好方法。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"如果服務不爲人知，就不會被使用。","attrs":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當你做出了無法兼容的API變更時，遞增MAJOR，","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"- 當你增加了支持後向兼容的功能時，遞增MINOR，","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"- 當你做出了支持後向兼容的問題修復時，遞增PATCH。” — semver.org","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"結論","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不完備的服務層實現只會讓事情變得更糟，會讓公司離高效、高質量和令人滿意的DevOps組織的目標更遠。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因此，如果你正在構建DevOps基礎設施，請確保你的服務層……","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"…是一個自助服務層。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"…提供使用簡單的功能。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"…爲用戶抽象技術細節。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"…在DevOps團隊中是衆所周知的。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"…有一個適合大多數用例的默認配置，但在必要時可以更改。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"References:","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"[1] ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://medium.com/geekculture/five-devops-antipattern-and-how-to-avoid-them-c5b3dfcabe20","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https://medium.com/geekculture/five-devops-antipattern-and-how-to-avoid-them-c5b3dfcabe20","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"[2] ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://semver.org/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https://semver.org/","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你好，我是俞凡，在Motorola做過研發，現在在Mavenir做技術工作，對通信、網絡、後端架構、雲原生、DevOps、CICD、區塊鏈、AI等技術始終保持着濃厚的興趣，平時喜歡閱讀、思考，相信持續學習、終身成長，歡迎一起交流學習。微信公衆號：DeepNoMind","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}}]}