短短十年，从草根机器学习工程师做到 CEO，Twitter新掌门人的职场开挂史

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最近，Twitter迎来了第五任CEO。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"11月29日，Twitter创始人Jack Dorsey宣布辞去CEO一职，接任者是前CTO Parag Agarawal ，任命立即生效。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这位新任首席执行官年仅37岁，与扎克伯克同年同月生，比小扎小了一个星期。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上任TwitterCEO后，Parag Agarawal已成为领导大型科技公司的最年轻CEO之一，他也因此成为美国标普500指数成分股公司最年轻的CEO。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值得一提的是，Parag Agarawal的经历就是一部妥妥的职场开挂史，在刚加入Twitter时，他还只是一名普通的机器学习工程师，在短短10年时间里，他从工程师做到CTO，再到成为Jack Dorsey的接班人。一路升到今天的位置，Agrawal有什么过人之处？"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"开挂的职场经历"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上周，领英上的一篇帖子在网上“疯传”，这篇帖子提到了Twitter 新 CEO Parag Agrawal 的职业生涯路线。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在上述帖子中，Mastech Digital的高级招聘人员Nischay Jain分享了一张Parag Agrawal 在LinkedIn简历中提到的职业经历。其简历显示，Parag Agrawal 在加入Twitter之前，曾在美国电话电报公司(AT&T)、微软和雅虎等多家公司工作过。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不过，他从一家公司跳槽到另一家公司的时间间隔很短，而且他跳槽的速度也很快。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/4e\/4ebf2c46ed3d0cc755696af3ac22f218.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在招聘人员看来，这似乎不是一个适合的候选人的简历。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“看了他的经历后，我很震惊”，Nischay Jain在帖子中写道，“十分之九的招聘人员会拒绝Parag Agrawal 的简历，因为他的职业生涯很多处于空白期，而且频繁更换工作。如果Twitter的人力资源部门在10年前也这么做的话，他们就会失去一位成为新CEO的人才。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当然，跳槽频繁并不能单一的评判一位候选人的综合能力。不是所有的求职者在进入职场时都能找到“双向奔赴”的工作，尤其是对于年轻人，试错是在所难免的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Parag Agrawal自从2011年加入Twitter后，就一直在这家公司呆了10年的时间，可见他在以往多次跳槽经历之后，终于找到了令他自己满意的公司。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Parag Agrawal最初是加入的Twitter的广告技术开发团队，这是Twitter最早广泛使用机器学习和大数据分析等技术的工程团队。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在发给Twitter员工的电子邮件中，Parag Agrawal谈及，在他加入Twitter时，这家公司只有不到1000名员工。“我曾站在你的立场上，经历过起起落落、挑战和障碍、胜利和错误.....” 他写道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"得益于此前在斯坦福大学学习大数据的经历，Parag Agrawal很快在团队里脱颖而出，他主导开发了用户定向广告技术算法，帮助Twitter提升了广告定向能力和营收，他很快被评为获得「杰出工程师」的称号。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他也因此晋升进入Twitter的核心技术骨干团队TAG，负责公司研发的未来新技术。2017年，Parag Agrawal被任命为首席技术官。一名普通工程师到CTO，仅仅花了6年的时间。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而在成为CTO短短4年之后，他又被提拔为CEO，晋升速度十分之快。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"据外媒报道，担任CEO后，Parag Agarwal将获得100万美元的年薪。不过，根据周一提交的一份公司文件，除了基础年薪，Parag Agarwal还将参与公司的高管奖金计划，新目标奖金为年基本工资的150%。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“技术至上”型CTO"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在担任 CTO期间，Parag Agrawal负责制定和监督Twitter的技术战略并提高开发速度, 同时负责管理机器学习和人工智能业务的发展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一直以来，他主导和参与的都是Twitter最面向未来的技术和项目，包括机器学习、加密货币和云技术等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Parag Agrawal是AI技术的坚定支持者。在担任CTO期间，他大力推动AI等新技术在Twitter平台的部署与使用，尤其是机器学习技术。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他也是去中心化和区块链技术标准的支持者。Parag Agrawal领导了Twitter雄心勃勃的Bluesky计划，Bluesky是Twitter致力于打造开放的、去中心化的社交网络而专门打造的项目。该平台将把审核责任从Twitter工程师和经理转移到更广泛的用户群上，让用户更多掌控自己发布的内容，更有效地管理虚假及有效信息。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他认为，AI和去中心化技术是让Twitter平台变得对用户更友善，有效管理各种负面内容的重要手段。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020年，Parag Agrawal在接受MIT科技评论采访时表示，Twitter的职责是让公众有一个健康的讨论环境。“我们不该只关注自由话语权，而同时也要注意到这个社会正在发生巨变”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他还致力于解决算法偏见问题。例如，在用户注意到网站上的图像倾向于剪掉黑人部分并以白人面孔为中心之后，他带领团队改变了Twitter的图像裁剪算法，减少对机器学习的依赖。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Agrawal曾在去年10月的一篇博客文章中写道：“机器学习系统中的偏见是一个全行业的问题，我们致力于在Twitter改进这一问题。”“我们意识到自身的责任重大，并希望努力让所有人都更容易了解我们的系统是如何工作的。”"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"社交能力出众"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Agrawal为人低掉，甚少出现在公众面前。与Twitter创始人Jack Dorsey相比，Agrawal在公司之外，知道他的人并不多。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"也正因此，在官宣任命消息出来后，很多人对于这位Jack Dorsey的继任者人选感到异常惊讶。美国国家公共电台(NPR)报道称，一些现任和前任员工听闻Agrawal成为CEO后，十分吃惊，因为他在Twitter内部的地位低于其他高管。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事实上，Agrawal的能力是被远远低估的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在Jack Dorsey的辞任说明中，他对Agrawal的能力以及在推特的成长之路大加称赞，“Agrawal最初是一名工程师，他非常关心我们的工作，现在他是我们的首席执行官(我也走过类似的道路，他做得更好!)，光是这一点就让我感到骄傲。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"他表示，Twitter的每个重大决策背后都有着Parag的付出。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Agrawal 是上司Jack Dorsey理念和战略坚实的支持者和实施者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Jack Dorsey从2014年开始在Twitter平台部署AI技术，而作为AI技术鉴定信奉者的Agrawal 受到了上司的赏识。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2015年，Twitter时任CEO Dick Costello因业绩、股价双双低迷辞职，Jack Dorsey全面接手Twitter进行重大调整，这期间，Agrawal 成为他最为信任的副手。2017年阿格加瓦尔担任Twitter CTO之后，开始重组公司的技术基础架构。2019年Jack Dorsey开始推动Twitter平台的去中心化战略，他选择了让Agrawal来负责实施。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"CNN援引一位Twitter高管的评论称，Parag Agrawal一直是Twitter最大和最敏感政策背后的技术实施者。例如Twitter让用户可以选择按照公司算法或者按照时间线浏览信息流的计划就是Parag带领团队实现的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但部分Twitter员工也表示，虽然Parag在公司内部受到员工的尊敬，但其管理经验也许并不充足。“他在Twitter期间大部分时间都没有直接下属。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Parag Agrawal在公司之外，也展现出了强大的社交能力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"据了解，Agrawal与亚马逊新任总裁兼首席执行官Andy Jassy关系很好，后者在今年早些时候接替贝索斯掌舵母公司之前，用了15年时间将AWS发展成了一家价值400亿美元的企业。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在重组公司的技术基础架构过程中，Parag Agrawal领导公司全面转用亚马逊和谷歌的云计算服务。去年，Twitter宣布了一项使用AWS交付时间线功能的计划。这一决定标志着Twitter首次使用公共云来提供实时服务。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"新官上任：更强调速度"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Agrawal接管Twitter的时机还不错，这家公司正保持着良好的增长势头。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在7月的投资者电话会议中，该公司报告其年收入增长了74%至11.9亿美元，每日活跃用户增长11%至2.06亿。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不过，这位新任领导者对于公司的发展速度有着更高的期待。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"近日，在接管Twitter以来的首次公开露面中，Parag Agrawal向外界传递了一个明确的信号："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"预计这家社交网络公司的发展速度将比过去快得多。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"尽管Parag Agrawal担任Twitter首席执行官仅11天，但他已经对公司高层做出了重大调整。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上周五，他对公司进行了重组，以消费者、收入和核心技术为主要支柱，每个部门都由总经理管理。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了Kayvon Beykpour、Bruce Falck和Nick Caldwell三位新任总经理，Lindsey Iannucci被任命为运营副总裁。Parag Agrawal说:“她将帮助我们在这个新结构中提高运营的严密性，真正让我们更快地做出决策，更清楚地拥有所有权，加强问责制，改善运营，这将使整体执行速度更快，取得更好的结果。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“我相信我们已经做好了安排和准备，所以他们可以真正快速行动，”他表示。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当然公司掌舵者的更迭也意味着公司管理层的重大变化，难免有些人因此离开。据了解，之前向Jack Dorsey汇报的两名高管——工程主管和设计与研究计划在12月底离职。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如今，Parag Agrawal十分关注“速度”。他解释说，以往在担任首席技术官时，他如何专注于重建公司陈旧的技术堆栈，以加快产品的出货速度。“由于需要在团队之间进行大量的协调，所以决策过程一直比较缓慢”。而如今随着角色的变化，他的关注点也将不同。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"现在，Meta（Facebook）正在将元宇宙作为这家公司最重要的战略，而作为Twitter来说，在元宇宙时代，下一代社交网络将是什么样子？这无疑需要Parag Agrawal来带领这家公司找寻答案。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"又一位执掌美国顶尖科技公司的印度裔"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Parag Agrawal身上，另一个备受关注的点在于，在成为Twitter的新CEO之后，他成为又一名执掌美国顶尖科技公司的印度裔。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根据领英资料显示，Agrawal曾就读于印度马哈拉施特拉邦的原子能中心学院，然后在孟买的印度理工学院获得学士学位，并在斯坦福大学获得计算机科学博士学位。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如今，微软的 Satya Nadella、Alphabet 的 Sundar Pichai，以及 IBM、Adobe、Palo Alto Networks、VMWare 和 Vimeo 的高层老板都是印度裔。此外，除 CEO 外，在很多公司的顶级高管和普通员工中，印度裔所占的比重也相当之高。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"印度裔对全球科技界的影响力显然与人们的直觉相悖，而事实上，这种影响力已经持续了数十年。这个常被冠以贫富差距大、脏乱差等代名词的国家，是如何培养出如此多全球闻名的 CEO 的？一个国家又是如何成为硅谷乃至全球的人才库的？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根源多来自文化层面。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"语言优势被认为是印度人在硅谷站稳脚跟的突出优势。由于历史原因，英语在印度有悠久且广泛的传播度，现在英语算是印度的副官方语言，印度人十分重视英语水平。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"印度人英语水平普遍较高。印式英语虽然常被诟病带有生硬的“咖喱味”，口音很重，但印度人能讲的十分流利，相较于其他在硅谷工作的亚裔— 中国人、日本人、韩国人等，印度人的英语口语水平是最高的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"印度人还有一项神奇的能力，那就是，不管“咖喱味”多么严重，但他们就是敢说，乐于表达，敢于表达自己的意见，善于辩论，丝毫不怯场。印度是一个高度多语言的文化，各种语言 \/ 方言种类近 2 万种，有二十几种官方语言，从小生活在这样的多语言环境中，印度人的表达能力得到了天然锻炼。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这种多语言、多宗教、多种族的多元文化环境也塑造了印度人超强的适应能力和包容异见者的品格。印度种姓制度等级森严、六大宗教并存，如何与不同的种姓及不同宗教信仰的人和平共处、共事，对很多印度人来说是一种必备技能，他们不会因为文化相反而树敌，也不会在工作场所对某个特定的人或群体带有偏见。这些生存技能令他们很快的融入到美国环境中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"印度人爱“抱团”。印度人有特别的抱团文化，群体之间互相提携，因此常常可以看到，如果有一个印度人进了某家公司，很快他就会介绍他的亲朋好友也进来。如果有一个印度人和别人发生了冲突，那么其“老乡”也会站在他这边。自上世纪 80 年代第一代印度人闯荡硅谷以来，经过长期的相互推介，印度裔已经形成了庞大的人脉关系网。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"精英教育选拔出类人才。印度重视精英教育，优质的教育资源集中在私立学校，私立学校拥有完善的西式基础设施和西式教育模式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"印度名校的录取率几乎是牛津大学和剑桥大学的十分之一，印度理工大学是公认的全球最难进的大学，录取率远低于麻省理工，从印度理工出去的学生大多选择了去美国深造，并在硅谷取得了杰出的成就。Parag Agrawal便来自印度理工这家“印度神校”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"参考链接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/magazines\/style\/celebrity\/article\/3157998\/who-twitters-new-ceo-parag-agrawal-jack-dorsey-anoints","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/magazines\/style\/celebrity\/article\/3157998\/who-twitters-new-ceo-parag-agrawal-jack-dorsey-anoints"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/m.sohu.com\/a\/504942244_120099883\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/m.sohu.com\/a\/504942244_120099883\/"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2021\/11\/30\/new-twitter-ceo-parag-agrawal\/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2021\/11\/30\/new-twitter-ceo-parag-agrawal\/"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}