點雲匹配和ICP算法概述

Iterative Closest Point (ICP[1][2][3] is an algorithm employed to minimize the difference between two clouds of points.

點雲匹配分類法(1)

•全局匹配算法 Globe
•局部匹配算法Local

Salvi, J. (2007). "A review of recent range image registration methods with accuracy evaluation." Image and Vision Computing 25(5): 578-596.
Mellado, N. and D. Aiger (2014). "SUPER 4PCS Fast Global Point cloud Registration via Smart Indexing."

點雲匹配分類法(2)

•基於點的匹配
•基於特徵的匹配
•點特徵
•VPF
•FHPF
•…
•基於線特徵
•"Algorithms for Matching 3D Line Sets."
•"Line segment-based approach for accuracy assessment of MLS point clouds in urban areas.“
•Poreba, M. and F. Goulette (2015). "A robust linear feature-based procedure for automated registration of point clouds." Sensors (Basel) 15(1): 1435-1457.

Coarse to fine registration粗-精過程

粗配的目的:提供剛體變換初始估計

Salvi, J., et al. (2007). 

改進ICP算法

Besl, P. J. and N. D. Mckay (1992). "A Method for Registration of 3-D Shapes." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 14(2): 239-256.
Siegwart, R., et al. (2015). "A Review of Point Cloud Registration Algorithms for Mobile Robotics." Foundations and Trends in Robotics.

•加快搜索效率
•K-D樹
•Voronoi圖
•不同的距離量測方式
•點到點
•點到線 PLICP
•Censi, A. (2008). "An ICP variant using a point-to-line metric." IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation. IEEE,: 19-25.
•CSM(Canonical Scan Matcher)源碼     http://censi.mit.edu/software/csm/
•點到面
•Low, K.-L. (2004).   
•面到面 GICP

ICP算法求解

•Closed Form
•SVD
•Unit Quaternions單位四元數
•The ICP error function minimization via orthonormal matrices
•Dual Quaternions
•數值解法
•LM算法 (Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm)
•Jerbić, B., et al. (2015). "Robot Assisted 3D Point Cloud Object Registration." Procedia Engineering 100: 847-852.
•點到面 線性最小二乘法
•Low, K.-L. (2004). "Linear Least-Squares Optimization for Point-to-Plane ICP Surface Registration."

問題

•觀測誤差
•部分重疊
•離羣點Outlier、噪聲(經常是錯誤點或者異常點)
•不滿足一一對應的條件

解決方法

•剔除 Rejection
•PCL類庫中採用
•權重方法
•穩健方法

Bergström, P. and O. Edlund (2014). "Robust registration of point sets using iteratively reweighted least squares."
H. Pottmann, S. Leopoldseder, and M. Hofer. Simultaneous registration of multiple views of a 3D object. ISPRS Archives 34/3A (2002), 265-270.
Andreas Nüchter(2008).3D Robotic Mapping-The Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Problem with Six Degrees of Freedom


標準ICP

標準ICP算法是最早提出的基於點-點距離的算法,另外一種是基於點-面的算法,由chen提出,好多文獻所說的惡Chen's Method。

標準的ICP算法需要粗配,滿足距離足夠近這一條件之後才能進行精確配準。

IDC

The idc algorithm does a point-to-point correspondence for calculating the scan alignment. The correspondence problem is solved by two heuristics: the closest point rule and the matching range rule. Furthermore, a formula is provided for calculating an error covariance matrix of the scan matching

Trimmed ICP 

在每次迭代的過程中,根據距離殘差排序,按照重疊率計算保留的點數。根據保留的點進行計算變換。該方法可以很好的處理部分重疊問題。CC中採用該方法實現,作者的原文還提到了一種自適應計算重疊率的方法。推薦!

Chetverikov, D., et al., The Trimmed Iterative Closest Point algorithm. 2002. 3: p. 545-548.

穩健ICP

由於Outliner的存在,即觀測誤差和離羣點存在,以及部分重疊問題,粗配之後的數據再進行精配的過程中仍然存在不穩健的問題(Robust問題),因此提出了穩健ICP方法。如SICP,IRLSICP

MBICP

GICP 泛化的ICP,或者叫Plane to Plane ICP

EM-ICP

NICP

GO-ICP

...

一般的ICP算法(上述的)是局部優化算法,還存在全局優化的問題,即不需要單獨粗配,直接一步到位。很多的ICP算法都是穩健的方法,但是並不是全局的優化方法。全局的方法有Super4PCS、三點Ransac等。

http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/12627-iterative-closest-point-method

http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/27804-iterative-closest-point

http://projects.asl.ethz.ch/datasets/doku.php?id=laserregistration:laserregistration


發表評論
所有評論
還沒有人評論,想成為第一個評論的人麼? 請在上方評論欄輸入並且點擊發布.
相關文章