#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define STACK_SIZE 30
#define Max_Vetex_Num 100
typedef struct {
int vexs[Max_Vetex_Num];
int arcs[Max_Vetex_Num][Max_Vetex_Num];
int vexnum,arcnum;
}Mgraph;
typedef struct{
int *base;
int *top; //棧頂指針
int size;
}seqStack;
int InitStack(seqStack *s){
s->base = (int *)malloc(STACK_SIZE* sizeof(seqStack));//動態分配30個單位的stack
//省略是否空間滿
s->top = s->base;//棧頂和棧尾相同,棧裏面沒有元素
s->size = STACK_SIZE;
return 1;
}
int Push(seqStack *s,int x){
*s->top = x;
s->top++;
return 1;
}
int Pop(seqStack *s,int *x){
if(s->top == s->base)return 0;
else{
s->top--;
*x = *s->top;
return 1;
}
}
int IsEmpty(seqStack *s){
if(s->top==s->base){
return 1;
}else{
return 0;
}
}
int GetTop(seqStack *s, int *x){
if(s->top==s->base)
return 0;
else{
*x=*(s->top-1);
return 1;
}
}
void FindIndegree(Mgraph *G,int indegree[])
{
int i;
int j;
for(i = 0;i<G->vexnum ;i++)
{
for(j= 0;j<G->vexnum;j++)
{
if(G->arcs[j][i]==1){
indegree[i]++;
}
}
}/*for*/
}/*end*/
void TopSort(Mgraph *G){
int i,j,k;
int count;
int indegree[G->vexnum];
for(i = 0;i<G->vexnum ;i++)
{
indegree[i] = 0;
}
FindIndegree(G,indegree);
seqStack s;
InitStack(&s);
for(i = 0;i<G->vexnum;i++)
{
//入度爲0的頂點入棧
if(indegree[i]==0){
Push(&s,i);
}
}
count =0;
while(!IsEmpty(&s)){
Pop(&s,&i);
printf("%d ",i);
++count;
int x;
for(x = 0;x<G->vexnum;x++){
k = G->arcs[i][x];
if(k==1){
if((--indegree[x]==0)){
Push(&s,x);
}
}/*if*/
}/*for*/
}/**/
/*迴路異常*/
if(count<G->vexnum){
exit(0);
}
}
void CreateMGraph(Mgraph *G){
int type;
int i,j,k,w;
int v1,v2;
scanf("%d,%d",&(G->vexnum),&(G->arcnum));
//自動構造頂點信息爲index
for(i=0;i<G->vexnum;i++)
{
G->vexs[i]=i;
}
//初始化鄰接矩陣,全部爲0
for(i=0;i<G->vexnum;i++){
for(j=0;j<G->vexnum;j++){
G->arcs[i][j]=0;
}
}
//輸入每行一個邊的偶對,如v1,v2
for(k=0;k<G->arcnum;k++)
{
scanf("%d,%d",&v1,&v2);
G->arcs[v1][v2]=1;
}
//PrintVex(G);
}
int main()
{
Mgraph G;
CreateMGraph(&G);
//PrintVex(&G);
TopSort(&G);
return 0;
}