1. 分组卷积(Group Convolution)
分组卷积最早出现在AlexNet中，如下图所示。在CNN发展初期，GPU资源不足以满足训练任务的要求，因此，Hinton采用了多GPU训练的策略，每个GPU完成一部分卷积，最后把多个GPU的卷积结果进行融合。
这里提出一个小小的问题给大家思考：如上图所示，input Features 是12,将其分为3个组，每组4个Features map,那么output Feature maps 的数量可以是任意的吗，可以是1吗？
2. 深度可分离卷积(Depthwise Separable Convolution)
3. PyTorch实现
Pytorch是2017年推出的深度学习框架，不同于Tensorflow基于静态图的模型搭建方式，PyTorch是完全动态的框架，推出以来很快成为AI研究人员的热门选择并受到推崇。（介绍到此结束）
在PyTorch中，实现二维卷积是通过nn.Conv2d实现的，这个函数是非常强大的，其功能不仅仅是实现常规卷积，通过合理的参数选择就可以实现分组卷积、空洞卷积。API的官方介绍如下：
CLASS torch.nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=1, padding=0, dilation=1, groups=1, bias=True)
- stride: controls the stride for the cross-correlation, a single number or a tuple.
- padding: controls the amount of implicit zero-paddings on both sides for padding number of points for each dimension.
- dilation: controls the spacing between the kernel points; also known as the à trous algorithm. It is harder to describe, but this link has a nice visualization of what dilation does.
- groups: controls the connections between inputs and outputs. in_channels and out_channels must both be divisible by groups. For example,
At groups=1, all inputs are convolved to all outputs.
At groups=2, the operation becomes equivalent to having two conv layers side by side, each seeing half the input channels, and producing half the output channels, and both subsequently concatenated.
At groups= in_channels, each input channel is convolved with its own set of filters.
3.1 分组卷积
分组卷积只需要对nn.Conv2d中的groups参数进行设置即可，表示需要分的组数，groups的默认值为1，即进行常规卷积。以下是实现分组卷积的代码：
class CSDN_Tem(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_ch, out_ch, groups):
super(CSDN_Tem, self).__init__()
self.conv = nn.Conv2d(
in_channels=in_ch,
out_channels=out_ch,
kernel_size=3,
stride=1,
padding=1,
groups=groups
)
def forward(self, input):
out = self.conv(input)
return out
通过以下代码对该模型进行测试，设定输入特征图通道数为16，输出特征图通道数为64，分组数目为4：
conv = CSDN_Tem(16, 64, 4)
print(summary(conv, (16, 128, 128), batch_size=1))
控制台输出为：
----------------------------------------------------------------
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
================================================================
Conv2d-1 [1, 64, 128, 128] 2,368
================================================================
Total params: 2,368
Trainable params: 2,368
Non-trainable params: 0
----------------------------------------------------------------
Input size (MB): 1.00
Forward/backward pass size (MB): 8.00
Params size (MB): 0.01
Estimated Total Size (MB): 9.01
----------------------------------------------------------------
这一分组卷积过程所需参数为2368个，其中包含了偏置(Bias).
3.2 深度可分离卷积
深度可分离卷积的PyTorch代码如下：
class CSDN_Tem(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_ch, out_ch):
super(CSDN_Tem, self).__init__()
self.depth_conv = nn.Conv2d(
in_channels=in_ch,
out_channels=in_ch,
kernel_size=3,
stride=1,
padding=1,
groups=in_ch
)
self.point_conv = nn.Conv2d(
in_channels=in_ch,
out_channels=out_ch,
kernel_size=1,
stride=1,
padding=0,
groups=1
)
def forward(self, input):
out = self.depth_conv(input)
out = self.point_conv(out)
return out
采用和分组卷积相同的输入和输出通道数，测试代码如下：
conv = depth_conv(16,64)
print(summary(conv,(16,128,128),batch_size=1))
控制台输出结果为：
----------------------------------------------------------------
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
================================================================
Conv2d-1 [1, 16, 128, 128] 160
Conv2d-2 [1, 64, 128, 128] 1,088
================================================================
Total params: 1,248
Trainable params: 1,248
Non-trainable params: 0
----------------------------------------------------------------
Input size (MB): 1.00
Forward/backward pass size (MB): 10.00
Params size (MB): 0.00
Estimated Total Size (MB): 11.00
深度可分离卷积实现相同的操作仅需704个参数。
如有疑问，欢迎留言！