介紹
平時工作一直在Linux上做開發，Docker用的比較多，最近要用Vagrant搭建Linux開發環境，所以用了一下，整理一些資料。
Vagrant其實是一個可以方便設置使用虛擬機的工具，底層支持VirtualBox和VMWare，我的Windows機器上已經安裝了VirtualBox，我就基於VirtualBox說說怎麼使用吧。
安裝
首先從下面地址下載vagrant安裝包，直接安裝可執行文件就可以了。
https://www.vagrantup.com
虛擬機管理
通常情況下，我們可以通過下面兩個命令來創建並啓動虛擬機，但是由於下載實在太慢，所以不建議這麼玩。
vagrant init centos/7
vagrant up
我們可以先通過 https://app.vagrantup.com/boxes/search 地址，直接下載虛擬機的vbox文件，然後基於這個vbox文件來創建虛擬機。
比如，這裏我使用下面地址來下載CentOS7的vbox文件
https://app.vagrantup.com/centos/boxes/7
文件名爲：CentOS-7-x86_64-Vagrant-1905_01.VirtualBox.box
創建centos7目錄，然後把CentOS-7-x86_64-Vagrant-1905_01.VirtualBox.box文件複製到目錄下。
添加虛擬機
D:\vagrant\centos7> vagrant box add centos7 CentOS-7-x86_64-Vagrant-1905_01.VirtualBox.box
==> box: Box file was not detected as metadata. Adding it directly...
==> box: Adding box 'centos7' (v0) for provider:
box: Unpacking necessary files from: file://D:/vagrant/centos7/CentOS-7-x86_64-Vagrant-1905_01.VirtualBox.box
box:
==> box: Successfully added box 'centos7' (v0) for 'virtualbox'!
初始化
D:\vagrant\centos7> vagrant init centos7
A `Vagrantfile` has been placed in this directory. You are now
ready to `vagrant up` your first virtual environment! Please read
the comments in the Vagrantfile as well as documentation on
`vagrantup.com` for more information on using Vagrant.
經過這一步後，會在當前目錄下產生Vagrantfile文件，這個文件類似於Docker裏的Dockerfile文件。
啓動虛擬機
D:\vagrant\centos7> vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Importing base box 'centos7'...
==> default: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
==> default: Setting the name of the VM: centos7_default_1576066403778_3997
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
default: SSH username: vagrant
default: SSH auth method: private key
default:
default: Vagrant insecure key detected. Vagrant will automatically replace
default: this with a newly generated keypair for better security.
default:
default: Inserting generated public key within guest...
default: Removing insecure key from the guest if it's present...
default: Key inserted! Disconnecting and reconnecting using new SSH key...
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
default: No guest additions were detected on the base box for this VM! Guest
default: additions are required for forwarded ports, shared folders, host only
default: networking, and more. If SSH fails on this machine, please install
default: the guest additions and repackage the box to continue.
default:
default: This is not an error message; everything may continue to work properly,
default: in which case you may ignore this message.
==> default: Rsyncing folder: /cygdrive/d/vagrant/centos7/ => /vagrant
查看虛擬機
D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant box list
centos7 (virtualbox, 0)
訪問虛擬機
虛擬機啓動後，可以通過兩種方式登錄到虛擬機裏
第一種方式是通過vagrant ssh命令方式
D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant ssh
[vagrant@localhost ~]$ cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core)
第二種方式是通過ssh 127.0.0.1 2222命令方式。在使用vagrant up啓動虛擬機的過程種，日誌裏會打印下面信息
...
==> default: Forwarding ports...
default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
default: SSH username: vagrant
default: SSH auth method: private key
...
這是告訴我們vagrant做了一個端口轉發，把容器的22端口映射成當前物理機的2222端口，用戶是vagrant，使用private key認證。其中private key文件默認位置在當前虛擬機目錄下的.vagrant\machines\default\virtualbox\private_key文件。此時我們就可以通過xshell來登錄127.0.0.1的2222端口了。
掛起虛擬機
D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant suspend
==> default: Saving VM state and suspending execution...
恢復虛擬機
D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant resume
==> default: Resuming suspended VM...
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
default: SSH username: vagrant
default: SSH auth method: private key
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Machine already provisioned. Run `vagrant provision` or use the `--provision`
==> default: flag to force provisioning. Provisioners marked to run always will still run.
停止虛擬機
D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant halt
==> default: Attempting graceful shutdown of VM...
啓動虛擬機
D:\vagrant\centos7>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Clearing any previously set forwarded ports...
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
default: SSH username: vagrant
default: SSH auth method: private key
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
default: No guest additions were detected on the base box for this VM! Guest
default: additions are required for forwarded ports, shared folders, host only
default: networking, and more. If SSH fails on this machine, please install
default: the guest additions and repackage the box to continue.
default:
default: This is not an error message; everything may continue to work properly,
default: in which case you may ignore this message.
==> default: Rsyncing folder: /cygdrive/d/vagrant/centos7/ => /vagrant
==> default: Machine already provisioned. Run `vagrant provision` or use the `--provision`
==> default: flag to force provisioning. Provisioners marked to run always will still run.
銷燬虛擬機
停止當前運行的虛擬機並銷燬所有創建的資源
D:\vagrant\centos7> vagrant destroy
刪除虛擬機
D:\vagrant> vagrant box remove centos7