Unskilled in English is looked down on by people

時態語態

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一般現在時,表示通常、規律、習慣、動詞要單三變化。否定和疑問用do、does助動。
現在進行時,表示正在進行或發生。否定和疑問用be否定或提前。
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do / does 一般現在時


1. 表示"現在"經常或反覆發生的動作或存在的狀態。常和often, always, usually, 


sometimes, every day, once a week等時間狀語連用。2. 表示主語的性格,能力。3. 表示


客觀事實或普遍真理。4. 表示安排或計劃好的將來要發生的動作。5. 在時間或條件狀語從


句中表示將來的動作。


一般現在時,表示通常、規律、習慣、動詞要單三變化。否定和疑問用do、does助動。


He works very hard.他工作很努力。


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am / is / are doing 現在進行時
1. 表示"現在"正在進行的動作或發生的事
3. 動作動詞的進行時與always,forever等連用,表示重複的動作,這種動作可能使人感到厭


倦或不合情理,有時表示讚賞滿意。
4. 表示動作的未完性,暫時性。
5. 表示按計劃安排要做的事
6. 表示"現在"或當時發展中的或正在進行的情況。


he is talking with his friends 。他正在和朋友談話


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一般過去時,表示過去某個時間裏發生,過去的通常、規律、習慣、動詞

ed。---------------和一般現在時區別,需要時間表示過去
he worked very hard last night。他昨晚工作很努力。
He works very hard.他工作很努力。
過去進行時,表示在過去進行或發生的。----------------------和現在進行時區別,需要


時間表示過去
he was talking with his friends just now。剛纔他正在和他的朋友們談話。
he is talking with his friends 。他正在和朋友談話
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did 一般過去時
1. 表示過去某個特定時間或某一段時間發生的動作或情況。
The foreign guests visited Nanjing last spring.
2. 表示過去的習慣動作
When she was in the city, she often went to the Central Supermarket.
3. 表示某種感情色彩
You asked for it 你這是自找的
I told you so. 我早就告訴過你
4. 一般過去時在表示時間或條件等狀語從句中代替過去將來時。
【We wouldn’t leave 】until she came back.直到她回來我們才離開。
5. 語境中的一般過去時往往表示“剛纔,剛剛”之意,暗示"現在已不再"這樣。
(1)-Come in. Peter. I want to show you something.
- Oh, how nice of you! 【I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.】
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was / were doing 過去進行時
We were having supper when the phone rang
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一般將來時,表示將來某一時刻的動作或狀態,常和表示將來的時間狀語連用。
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will / shall do(shall 用於第一人稱) 一般將來時,be going to+動詞原形,be doing表


示位置轉移
I will / shall go to visit him next week. 
She is going to learn French next year.


will / shall be doing 將來進行時
Please don't call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow. 【I'll be having my classes 


then.】




will / shall have done 將來完成時
Before the time John retires, James would have retired.




will / shall have been doing 將來完成進行時
By the time John retires, James will have been practicing for 10 years.
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完成時:
現在完成時,動作過去發生,動作已經完成,對現在造成影響。如already(已經)、yet(


還)
She hasn't finished the homework yet。她還沒寫完功課。
過去完成時,動作過去之前發生,即過去的過去,也就是已經到達、已經完成,動作已經完


成,對過去造成影響。一定有如already、yet
She hadn't finished the homework yet。她竟然還沒有寫完功課。
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have / has done 現在完成時
1. 表示"過去發生的動作或事情對現在"的影響或產生的結果。常與不確定的時間狀語連用,


如yet, recently, lately.
並可能延續下去的動作。常同表示一段時間的狀語連用。如so far, up to now, since, for 


a long time, till now,in the past\ last few years.
(1)lately, great changes have taken place in my hometown.
3. It\ This is the first time that …和This is the best (worst, most interesting 


)+n. + that…結構的從句要求用現在完成時。
(1)This is the first time that I have heard her sing.
(2)It’s the best film that I have ever seen.
4. 句中有since構成的時間狀語或引導的時間狀語從句,主句用現在完成時態。
【Where have you been 】since I last saw you?
5. 在時間,條件,讓步狀語從句中,表示將來某時以前已完成的動作。
(1)I will not believe you unless 【I have seen it with my own eyes.】
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had done 過去完成時
By nine o’clock last night,we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
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((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
have / has been doing 現在完成進行時
1. 表示一個從"過去某時開始發生,一直延續到現在"並可能延續下去的動作。
【I’ve been waiting for an hour 】but she still hasn’t come.
2.表示動作剛剛結束(有時指出現結果)
My clothes are wet, 【I’ve been walking in the rain.】
3.表示動作的重複性。(指斷斷續續,而非一直不停)
【She has been phoning Jim every night 】for the past two weeks.
注意:"現在完成進行時"和"現在完成時"的區別
現在完成進行時表示動作從過去的麼一時間一直進行到現在.而現在完成時的動作已經結束但


是其結果(後果)卻影響到現在.
I have thought it over.
I have been thinking it over.【延續】
(2) 可以表示動作的重複性,一般不表示重複性。
Have you been meeting him recently?【重複性】
Have you met him recently? 
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
was / were doing 過去進行時
We were having supper when the phone rang
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
had been doing 過去完成進行時
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
過去將來時(一般用於主句爲過去時的從句):
would / should do 一般過去將來時
She was sixty-six. In three years,she would be sixty-nine.
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
would / should be doing 過去將來進行時
1.過去將來進行時主要用於賓語從句 中,尤其多用於間接引語中。
He asked me what I should be doing six o'clock tomorrow.
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
would /should have done 過去將來完成時
1.用於虛擬語氣中
 If I’d left sooner, I'd have been on time.
2.情態用法
Only somebody with a small mind would haverefused to help.(表推測)
Few men would have bared their soul to a woman as he had.(表懷疑)
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
would / should have been doing 過去將來完成進行時
I heard by July you’d have been teaching here for ten years. 
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))


英語的語態共有兩種語態是動詞的一種形式,用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關係。

主動語態和被動語態.

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關係代詞引導的定語從句
1)who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想見你的人嗎?
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個人。
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換)
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現了前所未 有的繁榮。
The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。
關係副詞引導的定語從句
1)when, where,why關係副詞when, where, why的含義相當於"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關係副詞that可以用於表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞後取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從 句,在非正式文體中that常被省略(正式文體中不可省略)
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住過的地方。
判斷關係代詞與關係副詞
方法一: 用關係代詞,還是關係副詞完全取決於從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞後面無賓語,就必須要 求用關係代詞。
(錯) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(對) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(錯) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
方法二: 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關係副詞.先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時,應選擇關係代詞;先行詞在從句中作狀語時,


應選 擇關係副詞。
(對)Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?
(對)Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?


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名詞性從句
引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分爲三類:
連詞that (本身無意義。引導單一的賓語從句時that常可省略,但引導主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時that通常不被省略)
whether,if (均表示“是否”表明從句內容的不確定性)
as if ,as though ([1]  均表示“好像”,“似乎”)
以上在從句中均不充當任何成分


連接代詞(10個):what/ whatever, who/ whoever, whom/ whomever, whose/whosever, which/ whichever


連接副詞(7個):when/ whenever, where/ wherever, how/ however, why


不可省略的連詞:1. 介詞後的連詞。
2. 引導主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。3. 在從句中做成分的連詞.




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狀語從句


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非謂語動詞


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虛擬語氣


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