时态语态
***************************************************************************
一般现在时，表示通常、规律、习惯、动词要单三变化。否定和疑问用do、does助动。
现在进行时，表示正在进行或发生。否定和疑问用be否定或提前。
***************************************************************************
do / does 一般现在时
1. 表示"现在"经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态。常和often, always, usually,
sometimes, every day, once a week等时间状语连用。2. 表示主语的性格，能力。3. 表示
客观事实或普遍真理。4. 表示安排或计划好的将来要发生的动作。5. 在时间或条件状语从
句中表示将来的动作。
一般现在时，表示通常、规律、习惯、动词要单三变化。否定和疑问用do、does助动。
He works very hard.他工作很努力。
===========================================================================
am / is / are doing 现在进行时
1. 表示"现在"正在进行的动作或发生的事
3. 动作动词的进行时与always,forever等连用，表示重复的动作，这种动作可能使人感到厌
倦或不合情理，有时表示赞赏满意。
4. 表示动作的未完性，暂时性。
5. 表示按计划安排要做的事
6. 表示"现在"或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。
he is talking with his friends 。他正在和朋友谈话
***************************************************************************
一般过去时，表示过去某个时间里发生，过去的通常、规律、习惯、动词
ed。---------------和一般现在时区别，需要时间表示过去
he worked very hard last night。他昨晚工作很努力。
He works very hard.他工作很努力。
过去进行时，表示在过去进行或发生的。----------------------和现在进行时区别，需要
时间表示过去
he was talking with his friends just now。刚才他正在和他的朋友们谈话。
he is talking with his friends 。他正在和朋友谈话
***************************************************************************
did 一般过去时
1. 表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。
The foreign guests visited Nanjing last spring.
2. 表示过去的习惯动作
When she was in the city, she often went to the Central Supermarket.
3. 表示某种感情色彩
You asked for it 你这是自找的
I told you so. 我早就告诉过你
4. 一般过去时在表示时间或条件等状语从句中代替过去将来时。
【We wouldn’t leave 】until she came back.直到她回来我们才离开。
5. 语境中的一般过去时往往表示“刚才，刚刚”之意，暗示"现在已不再"这样。
(1)-Come in. Peter. I want to show you something.
- Oh, how nice of you! 【I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.】
===========================================================================
was / were doing 过去进行时
We were having supper when the phone rang
***************************************************************************
一般将来时，表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，常和表示将来的时间状语连用。
***************************************************************************
will / shall do(shall 用于第一人称) 一般将来时，be going to+动词原形，be doing表
示位置转移
I will / shall go to visit him next week.
She is going to learn French next year.
will / shall be doing 将来进行时
Please don't call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow. 【I'll be having my classes
then.】
will / shall have done 将来完成时
Before the time John retires, James would have retired.
will / shall have been doing 将来完成进行时
By the time John retires, James will have been practicing for 10 years.
***************************************************************************
完成时：
现在完成时，动作过去发生，动作已经完成，对现在造成影响。如already（已经）、yet（
还）
She hasn't finished the homework yet。她还没写完功课。
过去完成时，动作过去之前发生，即过去的过去，也就是已经到达、已经完成，动作已经完
成，对过去造成影响。一定有如already、yet
She hadn't finished the homework yet。她竟然还没有写完功课。
***************************************************************************
have / has done 现在完成时
1. 表示"过去发生的动作或事情对现在"的影响或产生的结果。常与不确定的时间状语连用，
如yet, recently, lately.
并可能延续下去的动作。常同表示一段时间的状语连用。如so far, up to now, since, for
a long time, till now，in the past\ last few years.
（1）lately, great changes have taken place in my hometown.
3. It\ This is the first time that …和This is the best (worst, most interesting
)+n. + that…结构的从句要求用现在完成时。
(1)This is the first time that I have heard her sing.
(2)It’s the best film that I have ever seen.
4. 句中有since构成的时间状语或引导的时间状语从句，主句用现在完成时态。
【Where have you been 】since I last saw you?
5. 在时间，条件，让步状语从句中，表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。
(1)I will not believe you unless 【I have seen it with my own eyes.】
=============================================================================
had done 过去完成时
By nine o’clock last night,we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
=============================================================================
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
have / has been doing 现在完成进行时
1. 表示一个从"过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在"并可能延续下去的动作。
【I’ve been waiting for an hour 】but she still hasn’t come.
2.表示动作刚刚结束（有时指出现结果）
My clothes are wet, 【I’ve been walking in the rain.】
3.表示动作的重复性。（指断断续续，而非一直不停）
【She has been phoning Jim every night 】for the past two weeks.
注意："现在完成进行时"和"现在完成时"的区别
现在完成进行时表示动作从过去的么一时间一直进行到现在.而现在完成时的动作已经结束但
是其结果（后果）却影响到现在.
I have thought it over.
I have been thinking it over.【延续】
(2) 可以表示动作的重复性，一般不表示重复性。
Have you been meeting him recently?【重复性】
Have you met him recently?
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
was / were doing 过去进行时
We were having supper when the phone rang
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
had been doing 过去完成进行时
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
过去将来时（一般用于主句为过去时的从句）：
would / should do 一般过去将来时
She was sixty-six. In three years，she would be sixty-nine.
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
would / should be doing 过去将来进行时
1.过去将来进行时主要用于宾语从句 中,尤其多用于间接引语中。
He asked me what I should be doing six o'clock tomorrow.
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
would /should have done 过去将来完成时
1.用于虚拟语气中
If I’d left sooner, I'd have been on time.
2.情态用法
Only somebody with a small mind would haverefused to help.（表推测）
Few men would have bared their soul to a woman as he had.（表怀疑）
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
would / should have been doing 过去将来完成进行时
I heard by July you’d have been teaching here for ten years.
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
英语的语态共有两种语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。
主动语态和被动语态.
=================================================================================
关系代词引导的定语从句
1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗？
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。
The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。
关系副词引导的定语从句
1）when, where,why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从 句，在非正式文体中that常被省略（正式文体中不可省略）
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住过的地方。
判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要 求用关系代词。
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词.先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时，应选择关系代词；先行词在从句中作状语时，
应选 择关系副词。
（对）Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?
（对）Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?
==================================================================================
名词性从句
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连词that （本身无意义。引导单一的宾语从句时that常可省略，但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时that通常不被省略）
whether,if （均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）
as if ,as though （[1] 均表示“好像”，“似乎”）
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接代词（10个）：what/ whatever, who/ whoever, whom/ whomever, whose/whosever, which/ whichever
连接副词（7个）：when/ whenever, where/ wherever, how/ however, why
不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词。
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。3. 在从句中做成分的连词.
==================================================================================
状语从句
==================================================================================
非谓语动词
==================================================================================
虚拟语气
==================================================================================