1. 模式識別相關領域
① Machine vision，
② Character (letter or number)recognition—>Optical character recognition (OCR) systems
OCR系統3種典型應用：machine reading of bank checks； automatic mail-sorting machines for postal codeidentification in post offices； Online handwritingrecognition systems
③ Computer-aided diagnosis
④ Speech recognition
⑤ Data mining and knowledge discovery in databases
其他相關：fingerprintidentification, signature authentication, text retrieval, and face and gesturerecognition.
緊密聯繫的科學學科：linguistics,computer graphics,machine vision, and database design.
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3.非監督學習的主要問題（unsupervised pattern recognition）
A major issue in unsupervisedpattern recognition is that of defining the“similarity” between two featurevectors and choosing an appropriate measure for it. Another issue of importanceis choosing an algorithmic scheme that will cluster (group) the vectors on thebasis of the adopted similarity measure.
4. 半監督學習（Semi-supervised learning）
顯得重要：當系統設計者手中只有有限的帶標籤數據。semi-supervised learning provides an a priori knowledge that theclustering algorithm has to respect.