英漢機器翻譯測試大綱

⒈ 英語詞彙
⒉ 英語詞組
⒊ 英語詞法分析 
⒋ 英語簡單句
⒌ 英語複合句
⒍ 英語句法歧義與語義分析
⒎ 漢語生成
⒏ 英漢機譯中的若干難點
⒐ 長句的翻譯


1?? 英語詞彙
11? 最常用詞彙
111 最常用名詞
He is a doctor . 
112 最常用動詞
Come and see me . 
113 最常用形容詞
This is a good book .
114 最常用副詞
It is not very hot today .
115 最常用數詞
School begins at nine . 

12? 常用詞彙
121 常用名詞
Mary goes to college . 
122 常用動詞
I wish you to take me there .
123 常用形容詞
You're welcome . 
124 常用副詞
He completely forgot it .
125 常用數詞
I received a third of an apple . 

13? 次常用詞彙
131 次常用名詞
I have seen a zebra in the zoo .
132 次常用動詞
He wrapped the box carefully . 
133 次常用形容詞
It is wrong to tell a lie . 

2?? 英語詞組
21? 由相鄰單詞構成的普通詞組
211 動詞詞組(例：catch up)
He walked fast to catch up the train .
212 介詞詞組(例：in advance)
He paid the rent in advance .
213 短語連詞(例：as if, in order that )
He talked so much as if he were the teacher . 
214 名詞性詞組(a lot of, a series of, a few, a little )
He has a lot of story-books . 
215 副詞性詞組(all day long, all the time)
He worked all day long . 
216 其它

22? 分離詞組
221 插進了其它成分的詞組
The teacher compared Shelly with Keats . 
They did this only for friendship's sake . 
222 動賓結構（Ｖ+Ｎ）的詞組中間插入修飾Ｎ的形容詞或形容詞性物主代詞。
They take an active part in scientific experiment . 
223 通常爲動介結構（Ｖ+Ｐ）的普通詞組，中間插入修飾V的副詞。
They will depend more on their parents . 
224 動介結構的詞組中插入與主語呼應的反身代詞
We must never divorce ourselves from the masses .
225 聯合連詞( both...and, neither...nor, not only...but (also) 等) 
Neither he nor I can sing well . 

23? 詞組中套詞組
231 在動介結構的詞組中插入了副詞性詞組
I have looked all round for the missing book .

3?? 英語詞法分析
31? 名詞的複數形式
311 規則變化的名詞, 加ｓ或 es
There are three books on the desk . 
The ox has four stomaches . 
312 詞尾爲ｆ或 fe 的名詞, 一般變爲ves, 也有少數詞尾爲 f 的只加ｓ
They saw many cliffs on the Huang Shan Mountains . 
313 詞尾爲ｙ的, 變ｙ爲ｉ再加es 
The boy caught five flies in the room . 
314 詞尾爲ｏ的, 一般加es, 也有的只加ｓ
There are four mosquitoes flying in the mosquito curtain . 
There are four cuckoos in the zoo . 
315 單複數形式相同的名詞 
There is a pair of trousers in the case . 
316 只有複數形式的名詞
This is a means to an end . 
317 不規則變化的複數形式
There are twelve oxen by the stream . 
Do you know the names of the two men over there ? 
There are nine asylums in the city . 
318 複合名詞的複數形式, 有的變前一個名詞, 有的變後一個, 有的兩者都變 
There are nine women leaders in the factory . 
All of his son-in-laws are businessmen . 

32? 名詞與代詞的格
321 單數名詞和不以ｓ結尾的複數名詞加 's 構成所有格
My uncle's guitar is new . 
322 以ｓ結尾的複數名詞加 ' 構成所有格
The students' dorms are very clean . 
323 合成名詞只在最後一個詞上加 's 表示所有格
This is my sister-in-law's bag . 
324 名詞所有格的特殊用法
This is a book of Mr. Richard's . 
I met him at the barber's . 
Yesterday he went to his uncle's . 
325 人稱代詞的主格與賓格及反身代詞
They are students . 
I gave them some cakes . 
They themselves went there . 
326 形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞。有些形容詞性物主代詞是不應該譯出來的。
This is your book . 

The book is yours . 


33? 形容詞的比較級與最高級 
331 詞尾加er的形容詞的比較級形式
This pool is deeper than that one . 

332 多音節形容詞前加 more 形成比較級 ，也有少數單音節形容詞前加 more 形成比較級 
This book is more expensive than that one . 
I am glad to see you , he will be more glad to see you . 
333 不規則變化的形容詞比較級
He drinks less beer than before . 
334 less+形容詞，形成形容詞比較級
This textbook is less difficult than that one . 
335 單音節形容詞最高級形式
She is the weakest of the three sisters . 
336 多音節形容詞前加 most 形成最高級
His plan is the most practical of all . 
337 不規則變化的形容詞最高級
He is the eldest of the five brothers . 
338 least 表示與 most 相反的意義
Young people are the least conservative . 
339 形容詞比較級的特殊用法
The city is becoming more and more prosperous . 
The harder you work , the more achievements you will gain . 

34? 副詞的比較級與最高級
341 詞尾加 er 的副詞比較級
This troop marched quicker than that one . 
342 副詞前加 more 的比較級形式 
She was received more warmly than she had expected . 
343 不規則變化的副詞比較級 
He plays table tennis better than I . 
344 詞尾加 est 的副詞最高級
They all came early , but she came earliest of all . 
345 副詞前加 most 的最高級形式 
Among the three soldiers he fought most bravely . 
346 不規則變化的副詞最高級
We like the third poem best of all . 

35? 動詞的不規則變化
351 動詞的原形、過去式與過去分詞三種形式完全相同
He often puts his hands in his pockets . 
He put his bag on the table yesterday . 
The bag was put on the table . 
352 動詞的原形與過去分詞相同 
The horse runs fast . 
I have run to here . 
353 動詞的過去式與過去分詞相同
The boy spelt his name correctly . 
I have spelt my name . 
He left here for Beijing . 
He has just left . 
354 動詞的三種形式完全不相同
He was chosen as a deputy to the National People's Congress . 
The road is frozen hard . 
Cameras are forbidden . 
He drank a glass of milk this morning . 
She stole a purse . 
The sun sank in the west . 

36? 動詞不定式
361 動詞不定式（短語）在句中作主語 
To accomplish this task is my duty . 
362 動詞不定式（短語）在句中作表語 
Our purpose in life is to serve the people . 
363 動詞不定式在句中作賓語或雙賓語動詞的直接賓語
I prefer to start early . 
They requested him to be present at the opening ceremony . 
364 動詞不定式與疑問代詞、疑問副詞、否定詞構成的短語在句中作賓語或主語，作
爲動詞不定式的賓語的疑問代詞要移到前面
They know what to do . 
He told me not to wait for him . 
365 動詞不定式在句中作定語 
This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience . 
366 動詞不定式在句中作狀語
We are building many petro-chemical works to make full use of petroleum . 
They ran over to welcome the delegates. 
To be a teacher, one must first be their pupil. 
367 動詞不定式在句中作複合賓語的賓語補足語(某些動詞要省掉to) 或表語補足語
Will you help me to wash clothes ? 
He helps me wash clothes . 
The plan is difficult to describe . 
368 "too + 形容詞/副詞 + to 不定式”的語義及翻譯
The water is too hot to drink . 
369 動詞不定式的被動態與不同時態
The first thing to be done is to carry away the earth . 
He pretended not to have seen me . 

37? 動詞的現在分詞
371 現在分詞在句中作定語，放在它所修飾的名詞之前
He told us an exciting story . 
372 現在分詞短語作定語，放在它所修飾的名詞之後
Factories producing such goods were then mostly in the hands of capitalists . 
373 現在分詞作表語
The situation is encouraging . 
374 現在分詞作複合賓語中的賓語補足語
I often heard him singing this song . 
375 現在分詞（或短語）在句中作狀語，表示時間、結果、原因、條件、目的等，起到
了一個句子或從句的作用
He rode away whistling . 
Opening the drawer he took out a revolver . 
She went out, slamming the door . 
376 現在分詞的完成式與被動語態
Having repaired the apparatus , he went to our laboratory . 
Being invited to the party, he couldn't very well refuse . 
Having been repaired, the clock began to work well . 

38? 動名詞
381 動名詞或動名詞短語在句中作主語
Increasing the length of wire increases its resistance . 
382 動名詞或動名詞短語在句中作賓語，包括作介詞的賓語
He likes swimming . 
He hates going to the dancing party . 
383 動名詞或動名詞短語在句中作表語
Our production task is making machines . 
384 動名詞作定語
These articles may be used as reading materials . 
His working method is correct . 
385 動名詞的複合結構(物主代詞或名詞所有格 + 動名詞短語)在句中作主語、賓語、介詞賓語或表語
She was very happy about his coming to see her . 
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 
Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself. 
386 動名詞的完成式與被動語態
He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper . 
He denied having been there . 
They are respected for having worked wonders in scientific research . 
I remember having been taken to the zoo by my father . 

39? 過去分詞
391 過去分詞作定語，放在它所修飾的名詞之前
This is a well-written book . 
392 過去分詞短語作定語，放在它所修飾的名詞之後
I hate to see letters written in pencil . 
393 過去分詞(或短語)在句中作表語
He seemed quite delighted at the news . 
394 過去分詞作複合賓語中的賓語補足語
He was glad to see these machines carefully assembled . 
395 過去分詞在句中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、方式等, 起到了一個句子或從句的作用
Given enough time , we can do it well too . 

4?? 簡單句
41? 陳述句基本句型
411 主語 + 聯繫動詞 (to be, to become, to look, to seem 及它們的變形) + 表語
They became heroes . 
412 主語 + 不及物動詞 + 狀語 (roar, roars, ...)
The lion roars loudly . 
413 主語 + 及物動詞或詞組 + 賓語 (have, has, like, likes, ...)
I can spell this word . 
414 主語 + 雙賓語動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語 (或 直接賓語 + to + 間接賓語)
Mary teaches him English . 
The girl gave a pen to me . 
415 主語 + 及物動詞 + 複合賓語(其中補語爲名詞, 形容詞, 動詞不定式, 現在分詞)
This force keeps the body moving . 
416 存在句 ( There + be + ...... )
There is a dictionary on your bed . 
417 主語 + 聯繫動詞 + 形容詞 + 補語
The plan is difficult to describe . 
418 主語 + 動詞 + 數量短語
They waited for two hours . 

42? 陳述句的時態表示
421 一般過去時
He sold his new jacket three weeks ago . 
422 一般將來時的各種表示法 (shall, will, be going to do 及現在進行時態表示將來時）
I shall go now . 
It will be good weather tomorrow . 
I am going to answer these questions right now . 
I am going home . 
423 現在進行時
She is singing a song . 
424 過去進行時 
She was having supper, when I went to the room . 
425 將來進行時
I shall be working when you come . 
He will be taking his exam next week . 
426 現在完成時
She has lived here for three years . 
427 過去完成時
When I arrived, Ann had just left . 
428 將來完成時和現在完成進行時
I have been working before you come . 
429 主句與從句中的時態呼應
He said that he would come tomorrow . 

43? 陳述句的被動語態
431 一般體（現在、過去、將來）的被動語態 
The building was completed last year . 
432 進行體（現在、過去）的被動語態
The building is being built . 
433 完成體（現在、過去、將來）的被動語態
The work has been finished . 
434 用“by + 賓語”表示動作執行者
He was criticized by his mother . 
435 含有複合賓語的主動結構變爲被動結構時, 複合賓語的邏輯主語變成被動句的主語
He was finally forced to leave his motherland . 
436 雙賓語句變成被動結構, 直接賓語或間接賓語都可以成爲被動句的主語, 而另一個仍爲賓語
We are given heat and light by the sun . 
437 動詞短語(動詞+介詞, 動詞+副詞, 動詞+副詞+介詞, 動詞+名詞+介詞)的被動語態
The land was separated into small fields . 
This idea was put forward by him . 
Pollution should be done away with . 

44? 疑問句
441 謂語爲“系動詞 + 表語”的問句形式
Did they become heroes ? 
442 謂語動詞爲 have 的兩種不同問句形式，對翻譯有重要的提示作用。
Have solids definite shape ? 
Has he a radio set ? 
Did you have a meeting last night ? 
443 謂語動詞爲行爲動詞的問句形式
Is he swimming ? 
Has he completed his work ? 
Can you lend me your bicycle ? 
Did she prove herself innocent ? 
444 存在句（There + be +...）的問句形式
Are there four pencils on his desk ? 
445 使用疑問代詞（who, whose, whom, what, which）的特殊疑問句
What did he say ? 
446 使用疑問副詞（when, where, how, why）的特殊疑問句
Why was he afraid of it ? 

45? 祈使句與感嘆句
451 謂語爲“be + 形容詞”的祈使形式
Be quiet, please . 
452 謂語爲行爲動詞的祈使形式
Give me that skirt . 
Sit down , please ! 
453 Let, suppose 及 if 等引導的祈使句，表示假設
Let me have a look . 
Let us suppose that this conclusion remains true . 
454 祈使句的組合
Consider the question from this point of view, and you will find it of great importance .
455 祈使句 + （or + 陳述句）的譯法
Be careful, or the apparatus will be spoilt . 
456 感嘆句 
What a fine apparatus it is ! 
How hard he works ! 

46? 否定句（只測“否定”，可以忽略“不”“沒”的區分）
461 陳述句基本句型的否定形式
These are not pencils . 
I don't believe it . 
There isn't anybody in the classroom . 
462 不同時態陳述句的否定形式
I did not see him yesterday . 
I have not seen him this morning . 
463 陳述句被動態的否定形式
I was not beaten by him, but by her . 
464 疑問句的否定形式
Don't you see a lot of peasants working in the fields ? 
465 祈使句的否定形式
Don't despise your colleagues . 
466 部分否定與完全否定
All of them are not students . 
467 非限定動詞的否定結構
It is better to go than not to go . 
I am sorry for not having finished designing the device last month . 

47? 助動詞(can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, shall, will, ought to, have to, be to等)
471 各個助動詞的基本用法（包括There can be, There might be 句型）
You can go now . 
There might be a new building . 
472 情態動詞及情態動詞後謂語動詞的各種時態形式
He must have gone to the workshop . 
473 帶有情態動詞的被動語態
He cannot be killed . 
474 情態動詞的疑問形式
What can I do for you ? 
475 情態動詞的否定形式
They dare not tell the truth to the people . 
476 助動詞的各種縮略形式 （It's, won't, ...）
You can't have finished the task so soon . 

48? 並列結構
481 句子中名詞性成分（包括動詞的非限定形式）的並列
Solid , liquid and gas are the three states of matter . 
A multimeter can be applied to measure current、resistance and voltage . 
I am not a teacher , but a student . 
482 句子中謂語動詞的並列
Come and help me to lift these boxes . 
483 句子中狀語的並列
Are you going to Shanghai by train or by plane ? 
484 句子中表語的並列
The story was simple, but very moving . 

5?? 複合句
51? 賓語從句
511 由 that 引導的賓語從句，有時 that 可省略
I expect I shall be back on Monday . 
He told me that he did not know it . 
512 由 what 引導的賓語從句
Show me what you have written . 
513 由 where 引導的賓語從句
Please tell me where I can see him . 
514 由 who 引導的賓語從句
Do you know who invented magnetic needle ? 
515 由 whom 引導的賓語從句
Do you know whom she is waiting for ? 
516 由 when 引導的賓語從句
Tell me when she will come here . 
517 由 how 引導的賓語從句
I want to know how she can solve such a problem . 
518 由 whether 或 if 引導的賓語從句
He asked whether I would attend the meeting . 
519 由 why 引導的賓語從句
I do not know why they eat such kind of food . 

52? 定語從句
521 由關係代詞which引導的定語從句
Is this the knife which you're looking for ? 
522 由關係代詞where引導的定語從句
He died in the village where he was born . 
523 由關係副詞why引導的定語從句
That is the reason why I am not in favour of it . 
524 由關係代詞when引導的定語從句
He came at a time when we needed help . 
525 由關係代詞that引導的定語從句
Who is the person that is standing beside her ? 
526 由關係代詞who或whose或whom引導的定語從句
The man who wrote these poems is a veteran soldier . 
What is the name of the worker whose sister is a driver ? 
Is the man whom we saw just now your teacher ? 
527 “介詞+ which”或“介詞 + whom”引導的定語從句
He is the man with whom you visited the exhibition yesterday . 
In our class there are fifteen students , three of whom are from Beijing .
528 省略了關聯詞的定語從句
He took us to see the power station they built . 

53? 主語從句
531 由that引導的主語從句
That air has pressure was known long ago . 
532 由疑問代詞 what 引導的主語從句
What we saw was incredible . 
533 由疑問代詞 when 引導的主語從句
When they will study is uncertain . 
534 由疑問副詞 how 引導的主語從句
How they invented it is not clear to me . 
535 由疑問副詞 why 引導的主語從句
Why the river is not frozen in such cold weather is still a question .
536 由連詞 whether 引導的主語從句
Whether we ought to go is still a question . 
537 由疑問代詞 who 或 不定代詞 whoever 引導的主語從句
Whoever has interest in it can apply for membership . 
538 由 where 或 wherever 引導的主語從句
Where we shall buy this material is not yet decided . 
Wherever you go does not matter to me . 

54? 同位語從句
541 同位語從句
The discovery that magnetism can produce electric current is extremely important in the field .

55? 表語從句以及作爲表語補足語的從句
551 由 what 引導的表語從句
The problem is what we do now . 
552 由 who 或 whom 引導的表語從句
The problem is who are to go in the first batch . 
553 由 when 或 where 引導的表語從句
That is where I lived last year . 
554 由 why 引導的表語從句
That is why the machine parts were wearing away during use . 
555 由 whether 或 if 引導的表語從句
The question is whether we can go now . 
556 由 that 引導的表語從句
My impression is that you are not interested in the question . 
557 由 how 引導的表語從句
The question is how we can finish our task in time . 
558 作爲表語補足語的從句
I am sorry I don't know his address . 

56? 狀語從句
561 時間狀語從句 
Give the letter to her when you see her tomorrow . 
While you were away , two men came to see you . 
After she arrived , we went to see her . 
She was at school before she became a barber . 
Electricity has found world-wide applications since it was discovered .
562 地點狀語從句
Where there is matter, there is motion . 
563 原因狀語從句
Air cannot be an element because an element cannot be separated .
564 條件狀語從句
If I have time tonight , I will go to see film with you . 
565 讓步狀語從句
Air has weight , though it is very light . 
566 方式狀語從句
When heated, gases expand as liquids and solids do . 
567 結果狀語從句
An atom is so small that we cannot see it . 
568 目的狀語從句
In order that a body moves faster , an additional force must be applied to it .
569 比較狀語從句
It is darker tonight than it was yesterday.

57? 從句嵌套的情況（限兩重）
571 主句或名詞性從句又是主從複合句
It is ridiculous that we should be short of water in a country where it is always raining .
572 定語從句又是主從複合句
The scientists were very surprised when watching that one of two weights dropped was heavier than the other , but they reached the ground at the same moment .
573 狀語從句又是主從複合句
He never climbed trees because he once fell down from a tree when he was a little boy . 
574 一個句子包括兩個互不嵌套的從句
What we have to decide now is who are to go in the first batch . 
What I care about is where we should go . 
If there were no gravity , many things could not be done as we do them now .
Most plants grow well where there is sufficient moisture and when there is good sunshine .
What surprised me was that she spoke French so well . 

58? 並列句
581 用連詞連接的並列句 （and, or, but, ...)
I am from Shanghai and he is from Beijing . 
582 不用連詞連接的並列句

6?? 英語句法歧義與語義分析
61? 同一詞跨兩類 （對“同形”與“兼類”不作細分）
611 同一詞兼爲名詞與動詞
He studies very hard . 
He tries to improve his study . 
612 同一詞兼爲名詞與形容詞
Her eyes are dark . 
Try to get home before dark . 
613 同一詞兼爲動詞與形容詞
It is a piece of waste paper . 
Don't waste money on trash . 
614 同一詞兼爲副詞與形容詞
The car stopped short only a few inches from where I stood . 
He is two inches shorter than I . 
615 同一詞兼爲副詞與介詞 （包括介詞 to 兼作不定式標記）
I'll show you how to operate the machine . 
The next day we came to a small village . 
The students worked along with the workers . 
Let's walk along the street . 
616 同一詞兼爲代詞與關係代詞
Who are they ? 
Do you know the man who came to see me yesterday ? 
617 同一詞兼爲連詞與介詞
He went to Beijing after a few days . 
After I came back , he went to the plant . 
Since 1949 , great changes have taken place in China . 
I have been living here since I came to Beijing . 
618 同一詞兼爲連詞與副詞
I told you to buy the book , you didn't buy it though . 
Though it was late , she went on working . 
619 同一詞兼爲名詞與副詞(如 well) 或兼爲名詞與數詞(如second)
He was so happy , because he found a well in the desert . 
He works hard and works well . 

62? 同一詞兼爲三類
621 同一詞兼爲名詞、形容詞與動詞
It is a pocket of common salt . 
I like to eat salt beef . 
They salted clouds with dry ice . 
622 同一詞兼爲連詞、形容詞與動詞
I hope I can drive the tractor like you do . 
The two buildings are very like . 
The children like the book very much . 
623 同一詞兼爲指示代詞、關係代詞與從屬連詞
That book is on the desk . 
The book that I borrowed is very interesting . 
He said that he could come . 
624 同一詞兼爲介詞、形容詞與副詞
The sun is slowly rising above the sea . 
The above explanation will help answer the question . 
Our laboratory is just above . 

63? 同一動詞兼屬不同子範疇
631 同一動詞兼作及物動詞與不及物動詞
We must learn to think . 
Do you think it possible to finish the work this week ? 
632 同一動詞兼作雙賓語動詞與單賓語動詞
You can leave her a note if you like . 
He left Shanghai for Hangzhou . 
633 同一動詞兼作助動詞與及物動詞、助動詞與系動詞
634 同一動詞兼作不及物、單賓語與雙賓語動詞
We telegraphed yesterday . 
We telegraphed him yesterday . 
We telegraphed him the good news . 
635 同一動詞的後接情況不同，意思也不相同。
It has stopped raining . 
Let's stop to rest . 
He stopped talking . 
He stopped to talk . 

64? 多義詞（包括英語多義以及同一英語詞義的不同譯法）
641 同一名詞有兩種語義
Let's first find a room to put the thing in . 
There is only standing room in the bus . 
642 同一形容詞有兩種語義
This is a strong contrast . 
He has a strong body . 
643 同一副詞有兩種語義
I will go there too . 
This shirt is too large for me . 
644 同一數詞有不同用法
The third month of the year is March . 
It weighs two thirds of a ton . 
645 同一介詞兼有不同的語義
Tom sat down by the door . 
I came here by bus . 
646 同一從屬連詞具有多種語義且引導不同類型的從句
Heat is as important to life as air and water . 
If there were no gravity, many things could not be done as we do them now .
As a ship gets heavier , it displaces more and more water . 
Hard as the metal is , it can be changed into liquid at high temperature .
647 同一名詞有三種不同的語義，如spring（彈簧，泉水，春天）
Spring is the first season in the year . 
I bought a spring yesterday . 
The water in the spring is lucid . 
648 同一動詞或動詞詞組具有兩種或三種不同的語義，如 have（有，喫，要）
I have a book . 
You are having your breakfast . 
They have him do this . 

65? 歧義結構
651 在“N1 and N2 of N3”與“N1 of N2 and N3”結構中，並列與修飾關係的正確決定 
The books of my son and my daughter are interesting . 
Mr. Johnson and the brother of Mr. Smith went to theater last night .
652 在“N1 of N2 and N3 of N4”結構中，並列與修飾關係的正確決定
The book of Tom and the pen of Jerry are on the desk . 
653 正確決定“V + N1 + P + N2”結構中介詞短語“P + N2”是修飾動詞V還是修飾名詞N1；
正確決定句子最後的狀語是修飾前面的那一個動詞。
Tell the teacher about the story . 
Tell the teacher in that school about the story . 
I'd prefer you to start today . 
654 形式爲主從複合句，語義爲並列句
You put one of your ears close to one end of the pipe while your friend taps the other end with a hammer .
655 判斷 who 是動詞不定式的邏輯主語還是賓語（賓語可置換爲 whom ）
Who does she want to come here ? 
Who does she want to reproach ? 
656 判斷 Ving + N 是述賓結構還是定中結構
Flying planes is dangerous . 
Flying planes are dangerous . 
657 判斷現在分詞短語是用於構成謂語動詞還是作名詞修飾成分（花園路徑句子）
Is the boy swimming in the swimming-pool her friend ? 
Is the boy swimming in the swimming-pool? 
658 位於句首的普通詞與專有名詞的同形辨認
The weather is fine in May . 
May I come in ? 
659 比較句的歧義
He plays tennis better than I . 
He plays tennis better than badminton . 

66? 未登錄詞的處理
661 人名的判斷
I agree with Henry's opinion . 
662 地名的判斷
I will go to Changping . 
663 同位短語中專名的處理 
Prepare diskettes for use on the Compaq computer . 
664 全部由大寫字母或數字、符號構成的專名的處理 
The same state is depicted in Figure 4-3 above . 
665 年代信息的處理
We gained a lot of successes in the 1980s . 

7?? 漢語生成
71? 冠詞
711 不定冠詞 a 與 an 用於單數可數名詞需選取適當的量詞，分別譯作“一個”、“一位”、
“一本”、“一臺”等等，但有時可略去，有時可僅省去量詞，而緊接動詞之後也可僅省
去“一”。
He is a worker . 
Here is a telegram for you . 
712 不定冠詞 + 表示容器、單位、種類等意義的名詞 +of+ 英語不可數名詞譯成漢語時，需譯
作“一” + 量詞 + 名詞
There is a box of candy in her hand . 
713 不定冠詞用於泛指某一類人或事物中的任何一個，翻譯時，不定冠詞可以不譯出來或者
譯成“任何一個”、“任何一種”等。
A machine consists of different parts . 
A knowledge of language is always useful . 
714 用作計量單位的名詞前的不定冠詞，應譯作“每”或“一”。
This tank runs at 30 miles an hour . 
715 定冠詞通常譯爲漢語的指量結構，即這個、那位、那些、這些等，但也可以省略。
They are looking for the apparatus to be tested . 
716 有些定冠詞是不應該譯出來的。
The earth , the moon , the sun , and all the other stars are in constant motion .
She is the most beautiful girl in the company . 
The sun rises in the east . 
717 某些原級形容詞前加了 the 起名詞作用，表示一類事物，應譯成名詞
Theory helps us distinguish the true from the false . 
The young are impatient . 

72? 漢語量詞的使用
721 英語結構“數詞 + 可數名詞”或“指示代詞 + 名詞”譯成漢語時，需增補適當的量詞。
There are two mirrors on the wall . 
There are two poems on the blackboard. 
There are four electric lamps in the hall . 
There are two tankers here . 
There are two blankets on that bed . 
There are ten rifles on the ground . 
722 英語結構“數詞+ 表示容量、單位或種類的名詞+of+名詞”譯成漢語的“數量名”結構時，
需選用適當的量詞
There are three tins of pork on the table . 
723 英語的“數 + 形 + 名”翻譯成漢語的“數 + 量 + 形 + 名”（數詞包括不定冠詞）。
A red sun rose in the east . 
She has a very nice handkerchief . 
724 英語的某些指示詞（包括指示代詞 this, that, 形容詞last, 序數詞first, second等等）
後接名詞，譯成漢語需增加量詞有時還可在量詞前加“一”
I like that desk . 
Your first composition was not good . 

73? 否定的表達方式
731 最常用的否定副詞“not”與“不，沒，未”等的選擇
I cannot go to cinema this evening . 
He did not go to cinema yesterday . 
The books are not taken away by the students . 
732 否定代詞（none, nothing, nobody, neither等）的翻譯，也將 no one 看作一個否定代詞。
No one saw Tom go out . 
733 否定副詞（never, hardly, scarcely）的翻譯
I have hardly any money . 
734 表示否定意義的連詞（neither...nor..)的翻譯
I can neither sing nor dance . 
735 表示否定意義的介詞（without）的譯法
Human beings cannot live without water . 
736 否定祈使句的翻譯
Don't hasten to heat the beaker . 
737 有些否定句需譯成肯定句
He did not come until late in the evening . 
We did not notice this matter until yesterday . 

74? 某些被動句需譯成主動句
741 邏輯直接賓語 + 動詞被動態 + 間接賓語 + by + 邏輯主語
Three books were given to me by my teacher . 
742 邏輯間接賓語 + 動詞被動態 + 直接賓語 + by + 邏輯主語
I was given three books by my teacher . 
743 有些被動句譯成主動句時，需加虛指的主語如“有人”、“人們”等
A letter was sent to him . 
A question was asked to him . 
This instrument will be found to be well designed . 

75? 調序
751 英語中有些定語放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之後，譯文需要調整
He will provide everything necessary . 
All the people present began to shout . 
His attitude towards his wife is not correct . 
There is food enough for everybody . 
752 不僅名詞或代詞的後置定語需調序，而且修飾成分內部也要調序
We must try to help them in every way possible . 
There were quite a few people on the platform waiting for the train coming at night .
753 英語的狀語常放在句子基本成分（主、謂、賓）之後，譯文要將它調到前面去。
She did not do it intentionally . 
Did you come by bus ? 
She got up at six . 
I go there twice every year . 
754 同時包含時間狀語和其它狀語時，譯文需要將時間狀語置於其它狀語之前。
I saw the film in Beijing last year . 
755 時間詞組內部順序的調整
She went abroad in December , 1978 . 
She went abroad on March 6 , 1991 . 
756 數量詞或數量詞組內部順序的調整
We have lunch at half past eleven . 
757 同位語的調整
Is Secretary Mary here ? 
758 複合句的主從關係需要調整 
I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang . 
759 表示同一概念的詞組，英漢表示形式不同
The swings back and forth .

76? 指代關係的確定與置換
761 譯文將狀語從句前置時，從句中的代詞與主句中的名詞應互換位置。 
All electronic computers consist of five units although they are of different kinds .

8?? 英漢機譯中的若干難點
81? 強調
811 助動詞 do 置於謂語動詞之前
The reaction did take place . 
812 形容詞 very 前用定冠詞 the ，意思是“就，正” 
She is the very girl I want to see . 
813 使用引導詞 it （或 that ）的強調句型，即 it is (was) + 被強調部分+ that (who, whom, which) 
+ 其它部分 
It was not until the professor came that they began the test . 
It was he who took my daughter home . 
814 把謂語的一部分前置以強調謂語
Hanging on the wall is his father's picture. 
Fastened on the crank shaft is an eccentric disk . 
815 移至句首的被強調成分
In every word is contained a certain thought , a certain meaning .（狀語提前）

82? 省略，英語中可以省略的部分，譯文卻要補上。
821 賓語補足語和主語補足語常省略 to be或 to 後面的原形動詞
We frequently regard gases as compressible , liquids as incompressible .
822 並列句中，後一句省略謂語或謂語的一部分；主從複合句中，主句或從句有一個謂語可以省略。
Some of the students are reading French ; the others German .
823 並列句中，後一句省略賓語和狀語
We have two classes in physics today , but they have not . 
824 不完全句或並列句的後一句主謂成分的省略
We are used to calling her "Big" , him "Short" . 
825 as 引導的定語從句的省略
The two forces , as shown in the figure below , are parallel .
826 由 if, when, though, as if 等引導的狀語從句的省略
If so , we'll have to put the meeting off . 

83? 倒裝
831 在表示動作的簡單句中, 爲了表達生動有時把副詞放在句首, 且把謂語動詞放在主語之前。
Down flew the bat . 
832 由連詞 "not only...but also" 連接的並列句中，如果"not only" 放句首時, 則謂語動詞 
(或情態動詞、助動詞)前置。
Not only is this problem very important , but it is also difficult to solve at once .
833 由連詞 "no sooner...than" 連接的並列句中，如果"no sooner" 放句首時，則謂語動詞
(或情態動詞、助動詞)前置。
No sooner had she seen me than she ran off . 
834 在用 nor 或 neither 表示“也不”的意思時, 其詞序爲:：nor(neither)+be (或 have 或助動詞或
情態動詞)+主語。
He did not drop any hint , nor did his secretary . 
835 在用 so 表示“也這樣”的意思時，其詞序爲:：so + be (或 have或助動詞或情態動詞)+主語
Their group has already fulfilled their quota , so has our group . 
836 在以副詞 only(只有)，never(從來不)，little(很少)等開頭的句子中，聯繫動詞或助動詞置於
主語之前 
Little did we suspect that the district was so rich in mineral resources . 

84? 某些代詞的用法與翻譯
841 引導詞 it 的用法
It is necessary to discuss this problem . 
It turned out that we had a good harvest again that year . 
We found it not difficult to translate it into English . 
They felt it their duty helping others . 
I think it impossible that he should have passed the exam . 
842 that （包括 this, these, those）
This is a worker ; that is a peasant . 
The volume of the sun is much larger than that of the earth . 
They are the students that designed the new-type machine . 
It is a well-known fact that heat is a form of energy . 
I am glad that you have succeeded in the experiment . 
This material is so light that it can float on water . 
They started early in order that they could get to the station on time . 
843 as 作爲代詞使用
Countries in the north of Europe, such as Finland , Norway and Swede , are all small countries .
The price is the same as before the war . 
This machine , as we all can see , has stopped operating . 
844 one
One can eat well there . 
845 any, some, somebody, someone, something 等
Someone has come to see you . 
846 all, each, few, little, another
Each should bring a story-book to class tomorrow . 
847 both, either
I don't want both books . 
You can read either of the two books . 
848 指代
He took out his shoes and put them on . 

85? 分離
851 分裂不定式，即在不定式記號"to"和動詞原形之間插入一個副詞
Our object is to further strengthen friendly relations between the two countries .
852 在複合句中,用來修飾名詞的定語從句或分詞短語不是緊接在該名詞的後面
Another system may be found which is also consistent with the equation .
853 介詞短語的分離
What are the molecules composed of ? 
Where are you from ? 
We all know what water consists of . 
The computer is a useful tool which we often depend upon . 

86? 虛擬語氣
861 if 引導的虛擬條件從句
If I knew his name , I would tell you . 
862 省略 if 的虛擬條件從句
Should he come , we should discuss the problem with him . 
863 as if 或 as though 引導的方式狀語從句
Electrons are able to act as if they were waves under certain conditions .
Electric current flows through a conductor as though it were a fluid .
864 某些動詞後由 that 引導的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
The doctor suggested that he should go to the park every morning . 
The teacher suggested he go over the lesson every day . 
865 動詞 wish 後的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
I wish he was here now . （現在） 
I wish he had been here yesterday . （過去） 
I wish you would come tomorrow . （將來） 
866 其它虛擬語氣
It's time we went .

87? 標點符號
871 圓括號
Bernard Shaw (who wrote many plays) died in 1950 . 
872 引號
He said , "This is my pencil" . 
873 逗號
She sent me some post-cards , a few books and an album of pictures .
874 破折號
Bernard Shaw---who wrote many plays---died in 1950 . 
875 書名號
The novel Gone with the Wind is about the American Civil War . 

9?? 長句的翻譯
911 修飾語較多或較長的簡單句
The conservation laws have enabled us to reach far-reaching conclusions concerning the stability of atoms , without resorting to any hypothesis about the conditions within the nucleus on the forces operative in it .
912 嵌套重數較多的複合句
He said that he would go with us if his mother did not come to see him until it was dark .
913 兼有並列或主從關係的並列複合句
The book I am reading is very interesting , because it describes a foreign country which I am familiar with .