R語言學習1--基本操作及創建數據集

一、R基本操作

1、創建一個名爲x的變量,它包含5個來自標準正態分佈的隨機誤差;

    eg、x<-norm(5) 

2、賦值

 age<-c(1,3,5,2,11,9,3,9,12,3)

3、求平均數

mean(weight)

4、求標準差

sd(weight)

5、求相關係數

cor(age,weight)

6、繪製曲線

plot(age,weight)

7、查看當前目錄

> getwd()
[1] "C:/Users/yangxuejun/Documents"

8、創建並設定當前工作目錄

 dir.create("E:/Raction")
> setwd("E:/Raction")

9、列出當前工作空間中對象

  > ls()
[1] "age"    "weight"

二、創建數據集

數據集通常是有數據構成的矩形數組,行表示觀測,列表式變量

2.1、R數據結構

1、 向量
同一向量中的數據必須具有相同模式
1)組合功能函數c()用來創建向量

a<-c(1,2,3,4,5,6)

2) 訪問元素

> a<-c(1,2,3,4,5)
> a[3]
[1] 3
> a[c(1,3,4)]
[1] 1 3 4
> a[2:6]
[1]  2  3  4  5 NA

2、矩陣
通過函數matrix來創建矩陣
1) 創建矩陣

> y<-matrix(1:20,nrow=5,ncol=4)
> y
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,]    1    6   11   16
[2,]    2    7   12   17
[3,]    3    8   13   18
[4,]    4    9   14   19
[5,]    5   10   15   20
> cells<-c(1,26,24,68)
> rnames<-c("R1","R2")
> cnames<-c("C1","C2")
> mymatrix<-matrix(cells,nrow=2,ncol=2,byrow=TRUE,dimnames=list(rnames,cnames))  //創建並按行填充矩陣
> mymatrix
   C1 C2
R1  1 26
R2 24 68
>mymatrix<matrix(cells,nrow=2,ncol=2,byrow=FALSE,dimnames=list(rnames,cnames)) //創建並按列填充矩陣
> mymatrix
   C1 C2
R1  1 24
R2 26 68

2) 矩陣下標

 x<-matrix(1:10,nrow=2)
> x
     [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
[1,]    1    3    5    7    9
[2,]    2    4    6    8   10
> x[2,]
[1]  2  4  6  8 10
> x[,2]
[1] 3 4

3 數組

1) 創建數組—通過array()函數創建

> dim1<-c("A1","A2")
> dim2<-c("B1","B2","B3")
> dim3<-c("C1","C2","C3","C4")
> z<-array(1:24,c(2,3,4),dimnames=list(dim1,dim2,dim3))
> z
, , C1

   B1 B2 B3
A1  1  3  5
A2  2  4  6

, , C2

   B1 B2 B3
A1  7  9 11
A2  8 10 12

, , C3

   B1 B2 B3
A1 13 15 17
A2 14 16 18

, , C4

   B1 B2 B3
A1 19 21 23
A2 20 22 24

2) 訪問元素

> z[1,2,3]
[1] 15

4 數據框 —- 數據具有多種模式,無法將數據集放入矩陣中,這種情況下數據框爲最佳選擇
使用data.frame()來創建
1) 創建數據框

> patientID<-c(1,2,3,4)
> age<-c(25,34,28,52)
> diabetes<-c("T1","T2","T2","T1")
> status<-c("Poor","Improved","Excellent","Poor")
> patientdata<-data.frame(patientID,age,diabetes,status)
> patientdata
  patientID age diabetes    status
1         1  25       T1      Poor
2         2  34       T2  Improved
3         3  28       T2 Excellent
4         4  52       T1      Poor

2)選取數據框中的元素

> patientdata[1:2]
  patientID age
1         1  25
2         2  34
3         3  28
4         4  52
> patientdata[c("diabetes","status")]
  diabetes    status
1       T1      Poor
2       T2  Improved
3       T2 Excellent
4       T1      Poor

$選取給定數據框中的某個特定變量

 table(patientdata$diabetes,patientdata$status)

     Excellent Improved Poor
  T1         0        0    2
  T2         1        1    0

3) attach()—-將數據框添加到R的搜索路徑中
detach()—-將數據從R的搜索路徑中移除
with()

 attach(patientdata)
The following objects are masked _by_ .GlobalEnv:

    age, diabetes, patientID, status
> summary(age)
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
  25.00   27.25   31.00   34.75   38.50   52.00 
> detach(patientdata)
> with(patientdata,{summary(age)})
   Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
  25.00   27.25   31.00   34.75   38.50   52.00 

使用特殊賦值符<<-創建在with()結構以外存在的對象

5 因子
變量可歸結爲名義型、有序型、連續型變量;
類別變量(名義型)和有序類別(有序型)變量在R中稱爲因子

> diabetes<-c("T1","T2","T3","T4")
> status<-c("Poor","Improved","Excellent","Poor")
> diabetes<-factor(diabetes)
> status<-factor(status,order=TRUE)

6 列表—-使用函數list()創建列表

> g<- "my first list"
> h<-c(25,26,18,39)
> j<-matrix(1:10,nrow=5)
> k<-c("one","two","three")
> mylist<-list(title=g,ages=h,j,k)
> mylist
$title
[1] "my first list"

$ages
[1] 25 26 18 39

[[3]]
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    6
[2,]    2    7
[3,]    3    8
[4,]    4    9
[5,]    5   10

[[4]]
[1] "one"   "two"   "three"

> mylist[[2]]
[1] 25 26 18 39
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