【科普】Scrum——從橄欖球爭球到敏捷開發

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對敏捷開發Scrum稍有了解的都知道Scrum來源於橄欖球，但你知道爲何要以這項球類運動的術語來命名這個敏捷開發方法論嗎？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Scrum與橄欖球對應關係"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Scrum 一詞源於英式橄欖球運動，是指雙方球員對陣爭球。雙方前鋒肩靠肩站成一橫排，面對面躬身，肩膀互相抵在一起，形成一個通道。犯規隊的球員低手將球拋入通道，此時通道兩邊的球員們互相抗擠，爭取踢球給本方前鋒。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/92/92dc9894d6a54641d2ce56c64a978638.jpeg","alt":"","title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"比賽分爲兩支隊伍，每個隊伍上場的球員爲11名。整個隊伍中的球員分爲進攻、防守和特別三種職能，三者各有優勢又互相配合。進攻隊員身手敏捷，憑藉速度變化和身形穿透對方防線；防守隊員身形強壯，阻擋對方球員的進攻；特別隊員較爲靈活，進可攻退可守，隨時可充當前面二者的替補。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":"br"}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與橄欖球比賽對應，在Scrum組織中沒有傳統組織所強調的崗位、上下級關係、彙報等元素，每個人只有“一起贏得比賽”的目標，而且每個人的工作會有較大的重合覆蓋度，角色可因勢而變，提高效率的同時，有效避免傳統組織可能存在的推諉和不作爲。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c9/c9f66958b7b6ab6fe38f6382dcca8d98.png","alt":"","title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英式橄欖球比賽中，球是被禁止向前傳的：規則並不限制球員將球往前踢，但當踢球員踢球時，他的隊友必須在球的後方。那麼爲了讓球有方向地運動起來，球員必須將球往後傳。如此顯而易見的矛盾凸顯了團隊合作的重要性，同時創造了絕佳的紀律，因爲這不是光靠一名球員就能成功勝利的比賽。球員們必須團隊合作，才能帶球向前衝過敵隊的陣線，贏得最後的勝利。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":"br"}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在Scrum的工作方式下，團隊化繁爲簡，只有三個角色，分別是產品負責人(PO)、Scrum Master和開發團隊。Scrum中的產品負責人，就像橄欖球隊的四分衛，對產品的方向負責，對產品的Why和What負責。Scrum Master，是一個團隊的教練，關注人和人的互動質量，並減少外部干擾對團隊工作影響。Scrum中的團隊成員就是一支橄欖球隊，大家共享時空、閉環決策。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":"br"}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，橄欖球賽還有一些特殊規則：與美式橄欖球不同，英式橄欖球無需佩戴護具，這使得比賽隨時可以開展並更容易推廣普及；比賽時間較短，上下場各7分鐘；對不持球的球員不可以衝撞和阻擋；有意外或所謂的暴行時，裁判會判犯規，中斷比賽來進行Scrum。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":"br"}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"讀到這裏是不是若有所思？沒錯，Scrum開發模式並不只是簡單地借用了英式橄欖球的術語，許多精神也與之一脈相承，二者的許多元素都可一一對應。"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/26/26c35d7f10bfcf0432cf332c04e3b30f.png","alt":"","title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Scrum“出道”歷程"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Scrum的乘風破浪開發產品與橄欖球披荊斬棘贏得比賽有着一脈相承的精神與靈魂，橄欖球是深受全世界球員喜愛的運動，那麼Scrum是如何借勢乘風破浪“C位出道”成爲目前軟件開發主流模式的呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":"br"}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1986年"},{"type":"text","text":"，竹內弘高和野中鬱次郎在《哈佛商業評論》上發表《新新產品開發遊戲》的文章，首次提出將Scrum應用於產品開發，文章指出傳統的接力式開發模式已不能滿足日益激烈的市場競爭，開發模式需轉向團隊整體前進的橄欖球式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1993年"},{"type":"text","text":"，進入Easel公司後，Scrum的創始人Jeff Sutherland借鑑日本精益理念和《新新產品開發遊戲》中的知識管理策略，在效率底下的部門中使用了新方法及工具，此時的實踐就成了之後系統性Scrum中的各種元素。Jeff Sutherland擁有空軍飛行員經歷帶來的觀察、導向、決定、行動四大要素，攻讀生物統計學博士學位時又吸收了生物學生物組織系統和進化論適者生存的理念，在實踐中取其精華，形成Scrum的定義。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1995年"},{"type":"text","text":"，Jeff Sutherland和另一位創始人Ken Schwaber規範化Scrum框架，並在OOPSLA 95上公開發布。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2001年"},{"type":"text","text":"，敏捷宣言及原則發佈、敏捷聯盟成立，Scrum是其中一種敏捷方法。Ken Schwaber和Mike Beedle推出第一本Scrum書籍《Scrum敏捷軟件開發》。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2002年"},{"type":"text","text":"，Ken Schwaber 和Mike Cohn共同創辦了Scrum聯盟。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/1e/1e6fbc44367e4692b4325bd74958c361.png","alt":"","title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"至今，根據《2020敏捷狀態調查報告》，總共有76%的組織採用Scrum，Scrum已成爲當之無愧的“C位”開發模式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}