炸裂！40+图万字长文拿下HTTP

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应用层的HTTP建立在传输层的TCP之上并运用TCP可靠等特性，先三次握手建立连接"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 客户端请求建立连接(此时只有GET)"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 服务端响应请求，数据以 ASCII 字符流返回给客户端"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 传输完成，断开连接。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/39/39e886baee4d9defcf820c5c2c3c53b9.png","alt":"HTTP 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(Windows NT 6.1; WOW64)\n\n200 OK\nDate: Tue, 17 Nov 2020 09:15:31 GMT\nContent-Type: text/html\n \n一个包含图片的页面\n \n"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"HTTP1.0通信过程"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/72/728e501e3896becae2e89c44b8aa28b5.png","alt":"HTTP1.0","title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"HTTP /1.1"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1995年是不平凡的一年，网景公司和微软开启浏览器大战，谁都想当老大。1999年HTTP/1.1发布并成为标准，写入RFC，以为以后不管是网关还是APP等，只要你要使用HTTP，就得遵守这个标准。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"继续增加了PUT等方法"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"允许持久连接"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"随着文件越来越大，图片等信息越来越复杂，如果每一次上传下载文件都需要建立连接断开连接的过程将增加大量的开销。为此，提出了持久连接，也就是一次TCP连接可以具有多个HTTP请求。当然持久连接是可选择的，如果考虑关闭，只需要使用Connecttion:close关闭即可。长连接如下图所示"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/75/75428ffc0de214e9698ad64d2b87af10.png","alt":"长连接","title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"强制要求Host头"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们知道，在电商系统中，经常会因为促销活动导致流量飙升，为了缓解流量，其中有种方法即加缓存或者加服务器。如果是单台服务器负载过大，数据库可能分库分表。数据结构算法中分而治之方法亦是如此。那么HTTP中，同样的道理，如果文件太大，就大文件切分为小文件块发送。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"HTTP /2"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"HTTP/1.1的出现，几年间出来大量牛掰的互联网公司，发展实在是太快，但是HTTP1.1中这几点成为诟病"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"原因1 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头部阻塞"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"阻塞，在网络编程中，我们采用异步，多路复用(epoll)方式尽量让cpu少等待多干事。在HTTP1.1中，虽然大家共用了一条TCP通道，但是第一个请求没有结束，第二请求就阻塞等待，也就是说不能同时发送接收数据。那么一个网页很多数据文件，如果能够同时发出请求，让部分数据文件能够得到响应并预处理，这样就大大的利用了带宽和cpu的资源。基于这些因素，出现了HTTP2"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如何解决头部阻塞呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"HTTP是一问一答的模式，大家都在这个队列排队导致堵塞，那就多个队列并发进行，也就是\"对同一个域名发起多个长连接\"。举个例子，在火车站排队买票的时候，如果只有一个窗口可用，大家只能苦等，多开几个窗口就可缓解这个问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这个时候用户数 * 并发数(上限6-8)已经不错得效果，但是互联网速度太快，火车站就这么大，窗口也就这么多，怎么办，建新的火车站进行分流(大部分城市都有什么东站 西站)。在这里叫做\"域名分片\"，使用多个域名，这些域名指向指向同一服务器。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"HTTP/3 "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"HTTP/2看似很完美了吧，但是Google轮子哥可不服，其他人在研究HTTP/2的时候，它们就在琢磨QUIC。那QUIC有啥牛掰的地方呢"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"QUIC是Google开发的一个基于UDP且能像TCP一样具有可靠性特点的协议。具备像HTTP/2一样的应用数据二进制分帧传输。其主要解决的问题有两个。"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":"1","normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"进一步解决线头阻塞问题。通过独立不同流，让各个流之间实现相互独立传输，互不干扰"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":"2","normalizeStart":"2"},"content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"切换网络时的连接保持。wifi和3G/4G经常需要来回切换。基于TCP的协议，会因为网络的切换导致IP地址的改变。而基于UDP的QUIC协议，及时切换也可以恢复之前与服务器的连接。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"4 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