以太坊团队备战ETH 2首次硬分叉

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2020年12月1日，eth2的第0阶段终于登陆主网，这也成为我们整个职业生涯中最值得纪念的一天。我们非常清楚，这时我们的工作才正式进入正轨。为此，我们决定将Q1设定为一段专注于优化、提升稳定性并改进用户体验的修复性时期。社区中的每一条批评意见，都将成为我们推进eth2更上一层楼的重要助力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我们坚信，Prysm终将达到“发布之后、自行运作”的良好态势。验证机制本身高度稳定，除安全相关软件更新之外几乎无需任何额外干预，借此尽可能降低其“存在感”。我们承认，Prysm在发布之初仍有大量优化问题需要解决，必须保证它能够随验证方数量的增长而持续发展。下面来看年初至今Prysm达成的几项小小成绩："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"持续对证明聚合进行优化，保证Prysm不断提升资源利用效率与盈利能力"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"对拥塞及证明处理做出重大优化，最大程度降低利益相关方忽略验证方提案或投票的可能性"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"高度关注稳定性与文档记录，并保证Prysm始终“正常运行”。未来的发展道路还很漫长，但与最初发布的主网相比，我们对当前最新版本的稳定性已经抱有极强的信心。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"进一步关注P2P网络、入口点、对等管理与链同步层面的安全性与健壮性。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"改进代码库中各重要组件，保证其经受得住时间的考验。具体涵盖slasher、slashing保护，并建立起能够适应全部实现需求的eth2.0 api标准"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在Chainstack的开发者活动报告中，Prysm占据了相当比例的篇幅。这份报告着重介绍了我们项目的贡献情况与repo发展态势，成功吸引到不少新的外部贡献力量。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/19\/191ea5229d46f7f5fc03846f7db077fb.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2021 Eth2客户发展报告，来源："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/chainstack.com\/eth2-clients-development-report-2021\/?utm_content=154595328&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&hss_channel=tw-978907821663174656","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Chainstack"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"重点任务"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"从Q2开始，我们的团队将加大工作力度，将每位成员对以太坊项目的发展愿景变为现实。下一阶段，我们主要将重点关注以下几个方面。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#292929","name":"user"}}],"text":"ETH 1 到ETH 2 合并"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我们已经在eth 2的分片部分上完成大量工作。但很明显，社区仍然高度重视未来项目将如何由eth 1合并至eth 2，确保发挥权益证明机制的一切潜能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"作为其中一种方法选项，我们打算将智能合约、交易、EVM、钱包以及大家所熟悉并喜爱的其他各类元素转移至权益证明引擎之下。各区块将按12秒固定时间周期在区块链内生成，证明机制则不再由矿工们实现，而是被权益证明方提供的证据所代替。要顺利完成这项工作，负责维护go-ethereum等eth1客户端的开发者与eth2开发团队必须建立起紧密的协同合作关系。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"目前，我们主要关注两大“合并”实现提案，二者也都要求在eth1与eth2节点之间建立通信。之所以选择二者兼容，是因为双方并非简单的彼此替代、而更该说是各擅胜场：eth2节点处理权益证明与验证方注册表，而eth1节点则处理交易及EVM。如此一来，我们就可以利用对eth1核心协议的充分理解显著加快“合并”速度。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/86\/86a3727d4a9978b4166e17c12842fca6.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/notes.ethereum.org\/m9IX3OkkTveXCCOSzGkUiw","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"underline"}],"text":"https:\/\/notes.ethereum.org\/m9IX3OkkTveXCCOSzGkUiw"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我们同时也关注Vitalik提出的第二项提案，即快速合并，也被称为共识交换。Mikhail曾提交过一项相关pull请求，在社区中获得了大量支持与积极反馈。客户端团队正在研究这项提案，并快速进行概念验证。在Prysm方面，我们已经开始对快速合并选项的工作量与资源预算进行评估。下面来看其中几项要点："}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"应用载荷处理。当信标节点接收到信标区块时，将对该区块中的eth1组件进行验证。接下来，该信标节点面向对应的eth1节点调用eth2_insert_block。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"应用载荷生成。当信标节点生成信标区块时，会调用eth2_produce_block以接收来自eth1节点的应用载荷。此应用载荷随后将被打包至信标区块当中。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在信标状态端，我们将为应用状态root与block哈希添加两个字段，用以验证应用载荷。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"在信标区块端，我们将添加应用载荷与交易字段。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我们需要使用帮助程序将各类具体类型统一格式化为十六进制字符串，以便以json的形式通过rpc与eth1节点通信。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我们对这项工作感到万分期待，也将持续将最新进展汇报给整个社区。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ETH2首个硬分叉：Altair"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"c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2中各时段验证方的参与、奖励与惩罚活动。此外，本轮升级还将向eth2 light客户敞开大门。考虑到这是我们的首次升级，因此团队一直在认真思考如何调整Prysm repo以适应后续升级，并保证不对代码质量造成损害。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/e5\/e58c39979d17026c2589373f5b21c6e4.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我们首先从一项跟踪问题起步，研究Prysm中的新型信标状态Altair软件包。上游ethereumapi repo则负责定义大部分新型数据结构，例如同步委员会、信标区块以及Altair中的更多数据结构。目前核心处理逻辑已经基本完成，我们只需将其与新的信标状态Altair合并即可。我们还将同步引入Altair规范测试以保证升级工作的全面合规。除了Q2的硬分叉之外，还有更多更新值得大家期待。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"展望未来"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"矿工可提取价值与ETH 2"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我们已经意识到，矿工可提取价值（Miner Extractable Value，简称MEV）已经成为以太坊当前面临的头号难题之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如果不及早解决，这项顽疾必将给未来的eth2带来严重影响。这里稍做解释，MEV导致共识参与者在下令向以太坊中添加大宗交易区块方面拥有不公平的优势。换句话说，目前的矿工们有权在必要时，在以太坊上重组并先于他人执行交易，这显然会影响以太坊的声誉与吸引力，同时也将进一步扩大现已存在的“付费插队”市场。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/6c\/6cbcacbffc1c4aa33c6387f2959996e9.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“付费插队”市场规模图，来源："},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/explore.flashbots.net\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Flasbots团队"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Flashbots小组目前正全力研究MEV问题。在eth 2当中，这种动态权力将从矿工转向验证方，但其中的激励措施仍然保持不变。考虑到eth 2将采用权益证明机制，且协议中包含强大的“链最终性”概念，我们必须认真考虑可能引发的开放性问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"目前，我们团队正在与Flashbots合作，确定如何在eth2上妥善解决MEV隐患，进而改善以太坊的未来使用体验。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"短期目标"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#292929","name":"user"}}],"text":"优化 Prysm Slasher"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/76\/7635033343fae38559ab83674871124d.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Slashing机制已经成为以太坊权益证明中不可或缺的必要保障方法。目前，Prysm slasher已然拥有不错的效果，但仍可能在遭遇网络不稳定及最终性停滞时导致数据丢失。但很明显，这个时段才是捕捉数据以实现事后取证的关键阶段。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"必须承认，我们的初版Slasher在很多重要设计考量上都缺乏关注。过去一个季度以来，我们投入大量时间来设计、修改并编写能够在新Slasher实现中带来提升的高质量代码。在参考了Protolambda "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/protolambda\/eth2-surround","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"github.com\/protolambda\/eth2-surround"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"说明文档与Sigma Prime在Rust上构建的Slasher成果之后，我们决定以相同的第一原理为基础设计Prysm 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