“救世主”Docker

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"},{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本文最初發佈於towards data science博客，經原作者授權由InfoQ中文站翻譯並分享。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"前言"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在一個快速變化的環境中工作，越來越多的工具以開源的方式發佈，我的筆記本電腦已被我搞得一團糟。我安裝了大量的應用程序，卻忘了清理它們。類似地，我也用Python做過一些事情——沒有虛擬環境，所以基本上，很多庫分散在筆記本電腦上的各個地方。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最初，我的解決方案是從筆記本電腦中刪除Python和所有其他雜七雜八的東西。但後來我發現，如果我爲一篇博文或與工作相關的事情做PoC，最終也會遇到同樣的情況。然後我找到了Docker。我花了一段時間弄明白了它的工作原理，以及自己該如何利用它。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"準備工作"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果想跟着我做，那麼你應該做好以下準備工作："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"從"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.docker.com\/?fileGuid=bF0H1M0oKg0hwgoV","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"官網"}]},{"type":"text","text":"下載Docker"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"某種IDE，或者使用終端或Jupyter 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在Docker上運行；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"run"},{"type":"text","text":"—— 創建\/拉取並運行容器；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"hello-world"},{"type":"text","text":"—— 要加載到容器的鏡像。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Postgres數據庫"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"假如我們要運行Postgres DB來做一些PoC。爲此，我們需要完成以下工作："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在Docker Hub或我們的私有庫中找到相應的Docker鏡像；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"確定我們將要使用的版本；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在Docker上運行它。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"步驟 1"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果我們在谷歌上搜索docker Postgres，那麼最上面就是指向Postgres鏡像的Docker Hub"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/hub.docker.com\/_\/postgres?fileGuid=bF0H1M0oKg0hwgoV","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"鏈接"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。從中我們可以看到關於該鏡像的大量信息及其用法。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"步驟 2"}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/95\/0d\/9514b5c7ce1f8f7e595c448f3fce0b0d.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們看到，這裏有13.2、13、latest、13-alpine。這是什麼意思呢？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"舉例來說，數字13.2表示一個特定的Postgres版本。Latest指最新版本，如果有新版本，就會更新。最後但同樣重要的是alpine版本。Alpine版本是應用程序運行所需的最基本的框架。Alpine版本會盡可能輕量化，它只包含必要的部分，比其他版本小。使用alpine的好處是可以最低限度地添加相關的東西。這樣可以保證Docker容器儘可能小，易於移動和部署。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們選13.2。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"步驟 3"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"執行以下命令："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"plain"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"docker run postgres:13.2\n"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/09\/6a\/09c3909c33b9f6852e01a48c5ef5b56a.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"好吧，有東西沒運行，讓我們看下出了什麼問題——我們需要通過**-e**（是指環境變量）傳入密碼："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/cf\/af\/cfec564fb10b6e98332cfe0b2db61caf.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我們看到，終端進入運行進程模式，要在同一個會話中執行某些操作，就需要終止Postgres進程。有一種方法可以讓我們在同一個終端會話上運行Postgress docker進程，並做一些事情。我們可以使用**-d**來運行分離式進程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/c5\/7d\/c536bcf5697036ac44c35b49bc848a7d.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上述命令返回了一個長字符串。該字符串是Docker容器的ID。如果運行"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"docker ps"},{"type":"text","text":"，就可以看到Docker容器已經啓動並運行："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/77\/87\/77bda25d69aa9e0dbfd2ea6305ded187.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可以看到，命令docker ps返回的容器id和docker run返回的容器id不一樣。仔細看下可以發現，docker ps返回的字符串是那個長字符串的子串。Docker很酷的一點是，它匹配容器id的開頭，你不需要粘貼其完整版本！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但等一下，我不是說Docker是個隔離的環境嗎？是的。我們不會對數據庫做任何事情，因爲我們沒有公開任何可以用來與它交互的端口。要做到這一點，我們需要藉助**-p**："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"plain"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"docker run -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=myplaintextpassword -p HOST_PORT:DOCKER_CONTAINER -d postgres:13.2\n"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dockerfile"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"好了，現在你可能會問，爲什麼這個傢伙要向我解釋如何輸入這麼一長串命令來運行一些隔離的東西，重複而乏味。我如何分享它？把命令發給下一個人？那並不是十分有效…"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"是的，玩一下可以，但要創建一個環境，這就不合適了。這就是爲什麼要有Dockerfile。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基本上，Dockerfile就是所有這些環境變量映射出來的指令。因此，對於Postgres，可以創建這樣一個Dockerfile："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/d7\/f5\/d7329e0af04fbc73e358ce1250f633f5.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"要進行構建，在Dockerfile所在的文件夾下運行如下命令："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"plain"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"docker build .\n"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"輸入如下所示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/74\/86\/747870074a38808d989463c7c00cc886.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"bd9416c1457a是新構建的Docker鏡像的id。現在，我們可像下面這樣運行容器了："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/2b\/cc\/2b822a4a4e51e954d2e6edcdf56d52cc.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值得一提的是，Docker在每一步構建Dockerfile時，都會創建一個新的Docker鏡像並將其傳遞給下一步。所有這些鏡像都保存在緩存中，如果有需要就可以重用它們，例如，在末尾添加一個新的環境變量："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/88\/f4\/88523703e8476fbe17985e2445e50af4.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"它的好處是，如果我們只在末尾做了修改，就可以更快地構建鏡像。我們只需要從頭開始構建新添加的部分！不過，如果我們要改變密碼和用戶名的位置，就不得不重新構建鏡像了："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/06\/76\/06097210be67a5f095473bd4a6d3c276.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與容器交互"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你希望優雅地關閉容器，可以使用如下命令："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"plain"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"docker stop CONTAINER_ID\n"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"你也可以使用如下命令殺掉它："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"codeblock","attrs":{"lang":"plain"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"docker kill 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