任务系统：活动组件化实践初探

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"前言"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"随着伴鱼业务和用户的快速增长，公司运营活动的形式也越来越丰富，从活动的大类上总结有（包括但不限于）：团购活动、排行榜&拉票活动、红包雨活动、预售秒杀活动、抽奖活动等，这些运营活动对于提升转化、用户留存和高用户活跃度等会起到重要作用，因而运营活动占用了增长部门非常多的研发资源。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其中，形如：“用户 A 完成了 W 动作发放 X 奖励（或者触发某种逻辑）”这样形式的需求会比较常见。在初期承接的过程中，各自活动独立开发，有许多重复的开发量，并且即使是重复的部分仍然需要测试同学的介入，各方都有很大的资源投入，并且还会导致整体流程会很长，通常一个活动开发联调和测试时间需要两周左右。所以，高效可复用地进行运营活动是 ROI 非常高的一件事情。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"初探"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"前言中提到了活动中经常出现形如：“用户 A 完成了 W 动作发放 X 奖励”这样形式的需求，如下图所示，我们将满足这种语法的需求定义为一个任务："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/aa\/aa5d60a0384fe2c26433c23c57cea66a.png","alt":"stage","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"从图中，可以看到总会出现相似的部分，例如用户每日录绘本发放不同的奖励、用户邀请购买发放不同的奖励、用户自主签到等。也有很多不同的部分，例如每次的奖励不尽相同、可以完成的动作周期不同等，并且可能对接很多的上游服务。为了快速实现配置化，我们从这些需求中整理出了初版任务系统的目标："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不关心具体动作，以数字简单区分动作。例如活动 A 中 1 指定代表读绘本、活动 B 中 2 指定代表邀请购买；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"配置基础的时间规则；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"储存任务的相关状态和数据；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"记录奖励发放状态，但是发放的内容由业务自己维护；"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/55\/55dc4e010303b2d7775a59ebc8620897.jpeg","alt":"流程图","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如图所示，在初版系统中，业务方需要完成："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"自行绑定数字和动作的关系；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"业务方通过消费 kafka 队列或者主动查询获取动作指标之后传递给系统；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"发放奖励相关逻辑；"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，经过「绘本 618」的两期活动的洗礼后，我们发现这种方式虽然是使用了配置化的形式，却并没有达成最初的目标，原因有如下几点："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"动作和数字的绑定关系有很大的理解成本，且配置风险较高；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"维护消费队列和活动任务的成本和风险较高；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"重复的任务逻辑，测试同学的时间成本没有减少，与一开始相比，外在表现并没有特别多的减少开发成本和测试成本。"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"任务系统"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在调研了"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/blog.csdn.net\/BULpreZHt1ImlN4N\/article\/details\/86611085","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"亿级 QQ 会员活动运营系统的设计之道"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，并结合了游戏中各式各样的任务形式，与伴鱼运营活动对比之后，我们重新梳理出伴鱼任务系统需要支持的核心功能点："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由系统来理解任务达标动作，减少业务方的理解成本；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"时间规则支持，例如：每日可完成2次、每周可完成3次、整个活动只能完成一次等类似的规则；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用户主动领取和系统自动发放两种奖励形式；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"任务基础状态的维护；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"支持任务重置的能力；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"支持配置展示内容的能力；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"相关数据记录；"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"针对于上面的需求，我们做了如下的抽象："}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"任务状态流转"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为任务定义如下几个状态：未开始—>未完成—>待领取—>已领取—>已结束，具体状态流转如下图："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/e5\/e5101493e32715180172e7a5fe3da0d2.png","alt":"image-20210331214625941","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"动作校验"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"主要功能是判断上图中 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"未完成"},{"type":"text","text":" —> "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"待领取"},{"type":"text","text":" 阶段用户是否完成了对应动作。为了简化和便于理解，我们调研并选中了第三方的规则校验包 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/tech.ipalfish.com\/blog\/2021\/04\/21\/task_system\/github.com\/antonmedv\/expr","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"expr"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，将用户复杂的动作整理为固定的 kv 对，通过 expr 包判断是否达标。例如，我们定义用户购买绘本 vip 这个动作为：{buy_pb_vip: true}，用户购买的不同类型 vip 定义为：{vip_type: forever}，{vip_type: year} 等。如果这时有个任务达标动作为：“用户购买绘本 vip 且购买的是永久 vip ”，那么我们就可以这样配置达标规则： buy_pb_vip == true && vip_type == “forever” 。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"消费并清洗上游队列"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"每个动作都对应各自的一些指标。那么如果任务系统需要理解具体指标内容的话，必须有一个角色为系统输入这些信息。此处我们考虑了两个方案：（1）由指标的生产者来构建内容，然后通知到系统。（2）系统主动对接各个消息队列，进行整体的内容清洗和理解。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"方案（1）对系统的要求会简单一些，业务数据是由上层构建的。但是这个方案对于业务代码入侵比较严重，并且从数据生产和使用的流程上来说不是特别顺畅。因此我们最终选定了方案（2），以消息队列作为系统的输入变量，认为每个动作通知都是通过消息队列递交给系统。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"整体处理流程包括：接收队列消息 -> 内容清洗 -> 系统使用。例如：绘本购买 vip 队列消息。消息中会包含用户的购买时间，购买的 vip 类型等内容。我们将它清洗成为系统可以理解的 kv 对，然后让动作校验部分去使用。如下图所示，我们对接了各个业务方的上游队列，当有新的达标动作需求时，我们只需要新增对接的上游队列，并更新动作校验部分 kv 对即可。对于系统主流程来说，这个更新无感知，且测试同学的介入可以控制在新增消息队列的对接上。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/ba\/baf6179319be91d8f424e8057ed7073f.jpeg","alt":"image-20210402175411947","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"配置项划分模块"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们整理了所有配置项，并根据不同的相关功能将其分成了下图中六类配置组：基础配置，规则配置，奖励配置，展示配置，库存配置，路由配置。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/20\/20e3bf0c994bfd76e330eee4c9c7dc7b.jpeg","alt":"image-20210401160156873","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"经过以上的抽象后，我们的任务系统可以提供下面的能力支持："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"业务方可以优雅对接，不需要额外的理解和冗余开发；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"新动作可以快速支持，不影响主系统；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"系统打通了活动营销平台的基础活动配置中心，发奖中心，灵活组件服务等模块化服务；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"支持正式环境与测试环境一键导入导出；"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"进一步升级"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在承接活动的过程中又渐渐地发现了新的问题："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"初始设计中，期望系统能够聚合概念，沉淀一些常用指标作为复选项。例如："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"规则配置：任务周期（每日）+ 可重复次数（1次）+ 可由前端手动完成（是）= "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"每日可被手动完成一次"},{"type":"text","text":"；任务周期（每周）+ 可重复次数（10次）+ 可由前端手动完成（否）= "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"每周可被自动完成10次"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"库存配置：用户可完成（不限次） + 任务可被完成（不限次） = "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不限库存"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"路由配置：路由跳转（读绘本页）= "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"完成读绘本任务"},{"type":"text","text":"；路由跳转（绘本vip售卖页）= "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"完成绘本 vip 售卖任务"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"希望用户能够脱离具体的指标概念，减少理解成本，相应的数据库设计也是同样的思路和方向。但是在实际使用中，概念的聚合和沉淀并没有达到设计的目标。通常来讲：一方面概念的理解并没有那么复杂，聚合操作在实际使用中属于可有可无的状态；另一方面我们可以认为每个任务都是独立存在的，没有可复选的内容。最终实现方案导致在实际使用中配置起来极为复杂，不仅没有达成预想的目标，还增加了额外的维护成本。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"系统支持的粒度仍然不够"},{"type":"text","text":"。我们遇到了一类新的需求，如下图。这里包含两个方向的要求：对于任务侧，用户不论何时注册，都有机会参与此活动，任务应该是长时间有效的；对于用户侧，注册后不同任务的可完成时间区间均不相同，那么如何区分这两个方向不同的时间要求呢？这给我们的系统提出了新的挑战。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/s04.cdn.ipalfish.com\/static\/omp-upload-1617365635161-%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%20(1).png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"50%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"展示配置的配置项不足。除开基础的展示内容，对于特殊的跳转或者任务交互，前端同学仍然需要独立开发这部分代码，没有节省前端同学实际的开发量。按钮的配置化内容不足以定义前端多样化的动作。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"系统各层级响应时间，稳定性需要优化。具体表现例如：清洗后的队列消息堆积，获取任务列表时延影响用户体验"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"奖励配置边界模糊。除开基础的奖励发放，还支持了对于业务方的回调逻辑，系统无法脱离随业务的开发任务。这部分的系统边界不够清晰。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"针对于以上问题，我们进行了新版本的开发，分别给出了如下的答案："}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"模块重新划分"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如下图所示，通过 taskid 这个任务的唯一标识串联所有配置模块。"}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"基础配置回答了一个任务的基本定义；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"下一跳（奖励）配置回答了用户达标后到底做什么，并且给出了清晰地边界；"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"按钮配置用于下发配置给前端，结合波塞冬或者营销活动 sdk 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