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又是什么，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"TC39","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 是什么，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Stage 3","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 、","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Stage 4","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 又意味着什么？你是否被层出不穷的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES20XX","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 新特性所迷惑，需要掌握该特性到底是哪年推出的吗，这些提案在哪里能够看到，哪些已经可用，历年的 ES 标准去哪里查找？今天我来带大家揭开 ECMAScript 的神秘面纱，彻底理解掌握这些神秘代号，以及截止到 2021 年 ECMAScript 的特性。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另：祝贺","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.toutiao.com/i6950609447534412327","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我国首个 JS 语言提案在 ECMA 进入 Stage 3","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ECMAScript 历史","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们首先来看 ECMA 是什么。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，读音类似“埃科妈”，是","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"欧洲计算机制造商协会","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"（European Computer Manufacturers Association）的简称，是一家国际性会员制度的信息和电信标准组织。1994 年之后，由于组织的标准牵涉到很多其他国家，为了体现其国际性，更名为 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Ecma 国际","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"（Ecma International），因此 Ecma 就不再是首字母缩略字了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/2c/2c5b219c3cca7d0ff354dc6098866ee9.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"了解了这段历史，为了技术写的专业性，如果文章中提到 Ecma 的时候，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"可以写成 Ecma 或者 ecma，不要写成 ECMA","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，除非是 ECMAScript 或 ECMA-XXX 这类专有名词。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"1995 年，著名的网景公司（Netscape）的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%85%8B","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Brendan Eich","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 开发了一种脚本语言，最初命名为 Mocha，后来改名为 LiveScript，最后为了蹭当时火热的 Java 热度重命名为了 JavaScript。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"了解了 Ecma 国际和 JavaScript，就方便了解 ECMAScript 了，ECMAScript 是一种由 Ecma 国际在标准 ECMA-262 中定义的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%9A%E6%9C%AC%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"脚本语言","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 规范。这种语言在往往被称为 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"JavaScript","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 或 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JScript","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"JScript","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" ，但实际上 JavaScript 和 JScript 是 ECMA-262 标准的实现和扩展。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"神秘的 ECMA-262","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上文提到了第一个神秘代码 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA-262","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，ECMA-262 到底是什么呢？原来 Ecma 国际的标准，都会以 Ecma-Number 命名，ECMA-262 就是 ECMA 262 号标准，具体就是","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"指 ECMAScript 遵照的标准","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。1996 年 11 月，网景公司将 JavaScript 提交给 Ecma 国际进行标准化。ECMA-262 的第一个版本于 1997 年 6 月被 Ecma 国际采纳。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"尽管 JavaScript 和 JScript 与 ECMAScript 兼容，但包含超出 ECMAScript 的功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们如何查看最新最全的 Ecma 标准呢，可以查看 Ecma 国际官网的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Standards","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"。截止到 2021 年 4 月，最新的 Ecma 标准已经到了 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-418/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ECMA-418","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c7/c767f433a447d2a9a40a8f3b51587ab6.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma 标准涉及的类别非常多，官网因此提供了按照类别和最新修改排序的功能，我们来看看 ECMA-262 属于哪个类别：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/94/94351020c3be56530fad122d2c489aa0.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA-262 属于“软件工程与接口”类别","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，该类别一共有 12 个标准，详见上图。注意，ECMA-262 的最新更新日期是 2020 年 6 月，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"并且会在今年 6 月进行更新，更新之后，ES2021 就会成为 ECMA 标准。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"探秘 Ecma TC39 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的神秘组织。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c0/c0dcdc5df176d30a99734df3bcc32ea4.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其实官网解释的已经很清楚了，我用中文简要概括下：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 是 Technical Committee 39 的简称，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"是制定 ECMAScript 标准的委员会","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，由各个主流浏览器厂商的代表构成，主席团三人分别来自 PayPal、Bloomberg 和 Microsoft，下设两个工作组（task group） ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/task-groups/tc39-tg1/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG1","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/task-groups/tc39-tg2/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG2","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG1 工作组主要工作是通用 ECMAScript® 语言， 包括语法、语义、类库以及支持该语言的技术。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG2 工作组 ECMAScript® 国际化 API 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官网","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"给出了答案：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/8f/8f94153ee4814107b4ebd5f32362d25a.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"几大巨头赫然在列！看到这里，发现一共有 5 种类别，分别是 Ordinary members、Associate members、SME members、SPC members、NFP members，我们来看 Ordinary members 和 Associate members 的对比：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c8/c8682feebbaf39da39ad25bd50ec1f1b.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Associate members 没有 Ecma 大会（General Assembly）的投票权","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"！在 Associate members 中，我国的阿里巴巴、华为、腾讯、360 赫然在列。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Wait，CHF 70000，这是 70000 法郎？Ecma 果然是欧洲豪门，顶级会员年费接近 50 万人民币。算了一下 Ecma 国际会员费收入每年就有 1,134,000 法郎，约 800 万人民币。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/55/554d64b0ea30107fe5e92f0944d47a65.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"了解更多关于 TC39 的内容，可以探索其官网 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://tc39.es/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 – Specifying JavaScript.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 GitHub 仓库 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/tc39","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma TC39 · 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之后，我们缓口气，来看看我们最为熟悉的 ESX 家族。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上文提到 ECMAScript 是由 Ecma 国际在标准 ECMA-262 中定义的脚本语言规范。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"到 2015 年，一共发布了 1、2、3、4、5、5.1、6 共 7 个版本","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"（其中 4 被废弃）。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们常把 5.1 之前的 ECMAScript 版本统称做 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES5","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，将 6 版本之后的版本统称做 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES6","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"（因为从 2015 年起，ECMAScript 终于步入正轨，每年发布一次版本，到了 2021 年，已经发布了 6 个版本了，实在太多，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"所以用变革了 JavaScript 时代的 ES6 作为后续版本的代称","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"）。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"划重点，Web 前端招聘的 JD 中，经常出现的 ES6，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"不仅仅是 ES2015 这个版本，而是指代 ES2015 和其后每年发布的 ECMAScript 版本","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"从 ECMAScript 第 6 版开始，每年发布一个 ECMAScript 版本，因此 ECMAScript 版本有了很多名字，包括全名 ECMAScript 6、简写 ES6、年份命名 ECMAScript 2015、年份简写 ES2015。最常见的名字还是 ES6，之后推出的 ES7、ES8 等同理。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/cb/cbba606be56a1e8dd9cc5ff5cc8d7269.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"需要注意的是，自从 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://exploringjs.com/impatient-js/ch_history.html#tc39-process","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 进程","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 制定以来，ECMAScript 版本的重要性就降低了很多。大家不必记住某一个 ES 特性到底是哪年推出的。现在真正重要的是提案处于哪个阶段：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"一旦提案到了第 4 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","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA-262","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，ECMA-262 到底是什么呢？原来 Ecma 国际的标准，都会以 Ecma-Number 命名，ECMA-262 就是 ECMA 262 号标准，具体就是","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"指 ECMAScript 遵照的标准","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。1996 年 11 月，网景公司将 JavaScript 提交给 Ecma 国际进行标准化。ECMA-262 的第一个版本于 1997 年 6 月被 Ecma 国际采纳。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"尽管 JavaScript 和 JScript 与 ECMAScript 兼容，但包含超出 ECMAScript 的功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们如何查看最新最全的 Ecma 标准呢，可以查看 Ecma 国际官网的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Standards","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"。截止到 2021 年 4 月，最新的 Ecma 标准已经到了 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-418/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ECMA-418","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c7/c767f433a447d2a9a40a8f3b51587ab6.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma 标准涉及的类别非常多，官网因此提供了按照类别和最新修改排序的功能，我们来看看 ECMA-262 属于哪个类别：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/94/94351020c3be56530fad122d2c489aa0.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ECMA-262 属于“软件工程与接口”类别","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，该类别一共有 12 个标准，详见上图。注意，ECMA-262 的最新更新日期是 2020 年 6 月，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"并且会在今年 6 月进行更新，更新之后，ES2021 就会成为 ECMA 标准。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"探秘 Ecma TC39 神秘组织","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"揭开了 Ecma-262 神秘面纱之后，我们来探秘一个代号名为 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/technical-committees/tc39/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 的神秘组织。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c0/c0dcdc5df176d30a99734df3bcc32ea4.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其实官网解释的已经很清楚了，我用中文简要概括下：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 是 Technical Committee 39 的简称，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"是制定 ECMAScript 标准的委员会","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，由各个主流浏览器厂商的代表构成，主席团三人分别来自 PayPal、Bloomberg 和 Microsoft，下设两个工作组（task group） ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/task-groups/tc39-tg1/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG1","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/task-groups/tc39-tg2/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG2","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG1 工作组主要工作是通用 ECMAScript® 语言， 包括语法、语义、类库以及支持该语言的技术。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39-TG2 工作组 ECMAScript® 国际化 API 标准。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们经常会看到类似的新闻：XX 公司成为 Ecma TC39 成员。想要加入 TC39 会议，必须先成为 Ecma 会员：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c2/c2d3923f0caad7a0476d4886ba089d38.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那 Ecma 到底有哪些成员呢？","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.ecma-international.org/about-ecma/members/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma 官网","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"给出了答案：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/8f/8f94153ee4814107b4ebd5f32362d25a.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"几大巨头赫然在列！看到这里，发现一共有 5 种类别，分别是 Ordinary members、Associate members、SME members、SPC members、NFP members，我们来看 Ordinary members 和 Associate members 的对比：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c8/c8682feebbaf39da39ad25bd50ec1f1b.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Associate members 没有 Ecma 大会（General Assembly）的投票权","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"！在 Associate members 中，我国的阿里巴巴、华为、腾讯、360 赫然在列。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Wait，CHF 70000，这是 70000 法郎？Ecma 果然是欧洲豪门，顶级会员年费接近 50 万人民币。算了一下 Ecma 国际会员费收入每年就有 1,134,000 法郎，约 800 万人民币。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/55/554d64b0ea30107fe5e92f0944d47a65.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"了解更多关于 TC39 的内容，可以探索其官网 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://tc39.es/","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 – Specifying JavaScript.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 GitHub 仓库 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/tc39","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Ecma TC39 · GitHub","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"注意这个仓库很重要","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。查看一下 members，发现了 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/akira-cn","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"月影","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"、","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/cncuckoo","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"李松峰","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://github.com/yuanyan","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"元彦","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 三位国内大佬。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们熟悉的 ES6","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"探究完神秘的 ECMA-262 和 TC39 之后，我们缓口气，来看看我们最为熟悉的 ESX 家族。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上文提到 ECMAScript 是由 Ecma 国际在标准 ECMA-262 中定义的脚本语言规范。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"到 2015 年，一共发布了 1、2、3、4、5、5.1、6 共 7 个版本","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"（其中 4 被废弃）。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们常把 5.1 之前的 ECMAScript 版本统称做 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES5","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，将 6 版本之后的版本统称做 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"ES6","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"（因为从 2015 年起，ECMAScript 终于步入正轨，每年发布一次版本，到了 2021 年，已经发布了 6 个版本了，实在太多，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"所以用变革了 JavaScript 时代的 ES6 作为后续版本的代称","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"）。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"划重点，Web 前端招聘的 JD 中，经常出现的 ES6，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"不仅仅是 ES2015 这个版本，而是指代 ES2015 和其后每年发布的 ECMAScript 版本","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"从 ECMAScript 第 6 版开始，每年发布一个 ECMAScript 版本，因此 ECMAScript 版本有了很多名字，包括全名 ECMAScript 6、简写 ES6、年份命名 ECMAScript 2015、年份简写 ES2015。最常见的名字还是 ES6，之后推出的 ES7、ES8 等同理。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/cb/cbba606be56a1e8dd9cc5ff5cc8d7269.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"需要注意的是，自从 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://exploringjs.com/impatient-js/ch_history.html#tc39-process","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 进程","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 制定以来，ECMAScript 版本的重要性就降低了很多。大家不必记住某一个 ES 特性到底是哪年推出的。现在真正重要的是提案处于哪个阶段：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"一旦提案到了第 4 阶段，那么它就可以使用了","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。但是即使这样，你仍然需要检查你的引擎是否支持该功能。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这里又提到了一个 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://exploringjs.com/impatient-js/ch_history.html#tc39-process","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 进程","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 和阶段（Stage）的概念，我们接下来看看这两个概念是什么含义。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 进程和 Stage X","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://exploringjs.com/impatient-js/ch_history.html#tc39-process","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"TC39 进程","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":" 故名思义，肯定是 TC39 组织发布的一个进程。随着 ECMAScript 6 的发布，当时的发布流程出现了两个明显的问题：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果在两个 release 之间多次通过早已准备好的功能，势必在其 release 之前等待很长一段时间。而且功能准备如果很晚，会增加 deadline 之前匆忙赶工的风险。","attrs":{}}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"很多功能在其实现和使用之前就花了很长时间在设计上，发现与实现和使用相关的设计缺陷会非常晚。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为了解决上述问题， TC39 建立了新的 TC39 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","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"release deadline","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 之前的全部到达 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Stage 4","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 的功能。","attrs":{}}]}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/79/792d8c2a1435fa11b33b676561c57a34.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stage 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