芯片也開始造假了，都是短缺惹的禍

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隨着疫情的持續，芯片短缺不斷升級，由此引發了一系列市場問題。全球知名的供應鏈採購解決方案提供商 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.idofea.org\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Independent Distributors of Electronics Association "}]},{"type":"text","text":"(IDEA) "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/gadgets\/2021\/06\/chip-shortages-lead-to-more-counterfeit-chips-and-devices\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"創始人Steve Calabria表示"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，疫情持續使得芯片短缺不斷升級，直接導致了很多劣質芯片進入市場。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"仿冒芯片進入市場的根本原因是供需嚴重失衡"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"疫情的持續使得人們的工作和生活方式都發生了巨大變化，居家辦公，居家休假已成爲大多數人的習慣性日常。遠程會議，線上娛樂需要大量的電子設備，這使得電子消費品的需求增大，相應地芯片需求也不斷上漲。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然而，生產芯片的工廠在疫情的影響下產能不足，芯片產業整體的供應能力甚至不如疫情之前，與激增的市場需求形成強烈對比。需求上漲，產能下降，最終造成芯片的嚴重短缺，供需失衡。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這些影響在全球性的大公司中已經展現出來，尤其在電子消費品行業最爲顯著。上月，三星表示芯片短缺正給電視與家電生產企業帶來沉重打擊，LG 公開將供應短缺視爲直接風險。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"三星公司投資者關係負責人 Ben Suh 在分析師電話會議上強調，“由於全球半導體供應短缺，我們也受到一定影響，主要體現在以顯示器爲代表的部分特定產品當中。”三星聯席 CEO 兼移動業務負責人 Koh Dong-jin 也在今年 3 月的股東大會上表示，IT 部門的芯片供需已經嚴重失衡。當時，三星表示可能會取消下一代 Galaxy Note 智能手機的正常發佈。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根據《金融時報》的報道，LG 公司也表示“正在密切關注事態發展；如果問題長期持續，那麼任何廠商都不可能置身事外。”我們就此事向 LG 方面求證，但並未立即得到迴應。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與此同時，低端處理器的生產也受到嚴重打擊，例如用於在洗衣機內進行衣物稱重或者智能烤麪包機中控制麪包火候的處理器。目前，雖然大多數零售商仍有相對充足的存貨，但疫情的持續在不斷消耗庫存，市場需求不降反增，依靠存貨並非長久之計。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"相比仿冒電子產品，仿冒芯片的使用更難被消費者察覺"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"電子產品的生產需要兼顧軟硬件，簡單來說操作系統和硬件的整合就是一門學問。消費者獲得一個電子產品後，外觀和使用體驗能在第一時間獲得反饋，即使單獨的硬件或者操作系統可以以假亂真，二者的整合也還有相當的門檻，整合不夠優良將直接影響消費者的使用體驗。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"相比之下，生產仿冒芯片要容易得多。首先，生產仿冒芯片面臨的挑戰不如成品艱鉅，同時，僞冒芯片並不直接面對消費者。而在全行業芯片告急的情況下，沒有芯片就意味着要關閉生產線，這就使得下游廠商不太可能嚴格測試收到的芯片。最終，仿冒芯片可以更容易地進入市場。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上述情況其實已經被報道過。在顯卡急缺的當下，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/cn.msi.com\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"製造商 MSI"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 曾重新啓用 2014 年的 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.nvidia.com\/en-us\/drivers\/results\/132845\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nvidia GT 730"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。然而，對硬件有所瞭解的讀者都知道，GT 730 是一個過時的產品 —— 其能提供的性能僅爲"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.intel.cn\/content\/www\/cn\/zh\/support\/products\/126789\/graphics\/graphics-for-8th-generation-intel-processors\/intel-uhd-graphics-620.html","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"英特爾 UHD"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 集成顯卡的一半左右，甚至不如 2015 年 的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.nvidia.cn\/geforce\/graphics-cards\/geforce-gtx-950\/specifications\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"GTX 950"}]},{"type":"text","text":" 的五分之一。但對於製造商來說，GT 730 是可以工作的，換句話說，有芯片總比沒有好。那麼，這樣的芯片最終都賣給哪些下游廠商了呢？"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"受仿冒芯片影響最大的是中小公司，造假者利用時間壓力出貨"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"就目前的市場情況來看，購買仿冒芯片的主要羣體是沒有議價能力的中小公司，涉及醫療保健，汽車和國防等行業。中小公司通過供應鏈下游的分銷商小批量購買組件，完成自己的產品生產。相對而言，科技行業的製造巨頭們擁有強勢的話語權，往往從芯片代工廠直接購買大量零件，並不會受到影響。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而在仿冒芯片的另一端，造假者們很清楚客戶面臨的時間壓力，並設計好針對他們的宣傳。據"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/gadgets\/2021\/06\/chip-shortages-lead-to-more-counterfeit-chips-and-devices\/","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"arstechnica 報道"}]},{"type":"text","text":"中描述造假者的話術 -- “我有 5,000 個這樣的庫存，但你需要在今天而不是下週購買”。絕望的製造商們迫於時間壓力便會偷工減料，跳過其正常的供應鏈驗證過程。最終造假者們得以順利出貨，繼續做下一個訂單。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}