如何编写有用的错误消息?

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"错误消息的领域涉及很多方面的内容。它们需要将UX领域的几乎所有元素(信息、说明、界面、微文案)结合起来,并且用几句话将这些信息阐述清楚。所有这些元素都是为了一个共同的目标:"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"在出现问题时帮助用户"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/infoq\/14\/1428d5672c0901991d606f9739f23555.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"错误消息需要快速、清晰地通知、指导和引导用户"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但上面的说法还是太简单了,因为错误消息还需要包含以下内容:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"你的站点或系统的结构"},{"type":"text","text":":用户和开发人员都不希望看到无穷无尽、含义各异的文本字符。所以你需要考虑为之编写错误消息的系统上下文。你需要找出系统的所有需求和约束,然后尽可能让错误逻辑保持简单和一致。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"整体体验"},{"type":"text","text":":从现有的设计模式中汲取灵感,或共同打造一个新的设计模式来满足设计和内容需求。用户都喜欢熟悉的内容,并且重用各种语言模式就像重用各种设计模式一样会让大家都很满意。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"品牌和产品"},{"type":"text","text":":消息应该反映你的品牌或产品的声音和基调,这些内容还要同上下文和用户心态保持平衡。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那么,如何编写对所有人和用户都有帮助的错误消息呢?你该从哪里入手?"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"(先)不要写任何东西!"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"什么都不管就开始打字是很诱人的做法。你觉得你的大脑每次只会应付一条消息,因此每个错误都能写出完美、井井有条的消息!"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"听起来很棒?但情况并非总是如此。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你正在开发一个新的网站、工具或系统,你需要写很多错误消息才行。如果你要添加一条消息,那么同类的消息可能已经有好几条了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"利益相关者也有很多:设计师、开发人员、品牌人员,他们都希望看到精心设计、保持一致的错误处理方法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用户需要在他们遇到问题时获得错误消息的帮助——所以这些消息最好是有用的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因此,与其“编写”错误消息,不如考虑“构建”消息。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"打下坚实的基础"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你正在创建一个全新的网站、工具或系统,请召集整个团队,共同列出所有可能出错的事情,例如:"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可能提交错误信息的人"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"将用户引向不存在页面的损坏链接"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"系统整个崩溃,没有任何解释"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"o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