{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本文要点"}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"混合云选项已经超越了传统的定义，云服务的功能已能够在云外运行。Azure Arc和谷歌Anthos等服务为开发者和运营商提供了更加无缝的“混合”体验。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在新兴的“无复制的数据共享”方法中，不需要移动或复制数据就可以从不同的服务访问数据。我们相信，最近宣布的“增量共享”（Delta Sharing）开放标准将有助于无复制数据共享的进一步推广。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持续集成和持续交付（CI\/CD）工具和实践之间仍存在着一定程度的混淆，这方面的进展还很有限。GitOps和网站可靠性工程（SRE）实践被越来越多地采用。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可观察性实践和工具不断成熟。可观察性的三大支柱中，日志记录和度量域相对来说已经被很好地采用了，但是跟踪的采用情况仍然较差。在这个领域，有许多进步令人倍受鼓舞，特别是伴随OpenTelemetry的广泛采用而来的那些进步。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们正在利用FinOps（用于成本分析的实时信息流）跟踪创新发展，目标是财务团队与微软和AWS等公共云供应商同处一线。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"越来越流行的实践（如由OPA提倡的“策略即代码”）以及远程访问管理工具（如HashiCorp的Boundary）正在推动身份即代码和隐私即代码。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《团队拓扑》这本书已经成为组织中部署团队以实现有效软件交付的实际参考。事件发生后的“无责的事后分析”也越来越受到关注，变得更类似于“健康的回顾”，整个组织都可以从中学习。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/3b\/df\/3b122c6cb41354a5a5a478b751a36fdf.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本文总结了InfoQ目前对“云计算和DevOps”领域的看法，重点关注基础设施和运维模式、技术框架中模式的实现，以及软件架构师或工程师必须掌握的技能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"正如Geoffrey Moore在《"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crossing_the_Chasm","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"跨越鸿沟"}]},{"type":"text","text":"》一书中所定义的那样，InfoQ和QCon系列会议都关注技术传播的“创新者、早期采用者和早期大众阶段”的主题。我们试图做的是，找出符合摩尔所说的早期市场的想法，在这个市场中，“用户群由技术爱好者和有远见的人组成，他们希望能先行一步，在机遇或迫在眉睫的问题前占得先机。”我们还在寻找那些可能“跨越鸿沟”、得到更广泛采用的想法。在这种情况下，也许值得指出的是，一项技术在采用曲线上的确切位置是可以变化的。例如，微服务在旧金山湾区的公司中得到了广泛采用，但在其他地方可能不太会得到广泛采用，也可能不太合适采用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在这一期的云计算和DevOps趋势报告中，我们认为，混合云方法已经发展成为更加“云原生”的方式。在2019年底三位著名的公有云供应商都带来了新的混合云产品市场，在过去的两年里他们一直对它们大力投资，谷歌的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/news\/2020\/04\/anthos-multicloud-aws-ga\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Anthos"}]},{"type":"text","text":"、微软的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/news\/2020\/06\/azure-stack-hub-updates\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Azure Arc 和Stack offerings"}]},{"type":"text","text":"、AWS的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/news\/2020\/01\/AWS-Outposts-Hybrid\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Outposts"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，以及最近的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/news\/2021\/06\/amazon-ecs-anywhere-ga","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amazon ECS Anywhere"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。比如，对于企业来说，它不仅要将工作负载带到云上，还要在内部运行，或两者同时运行，甚至在多个云上运行。因此，使用Arc或Anthos这样的服务集中管理工作负载的基础设施就很具价值了。此外，这些产品允许企业扩展其平台。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在“"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/minibooks\/edge-cloud\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"边缘云"}]},{"type":"text","text":"”和“边缘计算”领域，技术演变越来越多，因此我们认为这个课题应该转移到图表中的早期采用者阶段。具体的供应商工具，如Cloudflare Workers、Fastly的Compute@Edge和Amazon CloudFront的Lambda@Edge在这里有相当大的吸引力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本报告的参与者还发现了一个名为“无复制的数据共享”的新兴趋势。你可以在Snowflake等数据管理服务中看到，这些服务支持用户在其源共享数据，却不复制或移动数据。另一个例子是"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/articles\/azure-synapse-analytics-service\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Azure Synapse服务"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，它支持通过Azure Synapse Link从Azure Cosmos DB共享无复制数据。最近宣布的增量共享开放标准也推动了无复制数据共享趋势的上升。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在DevOps和网站可靠性工程中，可观察性仍然是一个热门课题。虽然大多数组织已经开始实现某种形式的可观察性软件栈，但正如"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/holly_cummins","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Holly Cummins"}]},{"type":"text","text":"所指出的，这个术语已经承载了过多的内容，因此应该将其分解为不同的组件了。集中日志聚合之类的想法目前在大多数组织中都很常见，然而，日志仅是构成可观察性的三大支柱之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"日益流行的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/opentelemetry.io\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"OpenTelemetry"}]},{"type":"text","text":"项目提供了一个一致的框架，不仅可以捕获日志，还可以捕获痕迹和指标。采用单一框架就能带来一致性，这有助于跨混合和异构环境捕获数据，也有助于工具监控。使用服务水平目标（sls）工具来传达监视和可观察性的预期结果也越来越流行，就像今年早些时候首次映入眼帘的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.sloconf.com\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SLOConf"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在过去的一年里，随着MLOps和DataOps的发展，“DevOps for Data”得到了越来越多的应用。MLOps专注于使用DevOps风格的实践 （如CI和CD） 来实施机器学习模型的持续培训。开源工具和商业服务可以在这一领域提供帮助，例如用于在Kubernetes上部署ML模型的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/kubeflow","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"KubeFlow"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，用于自动监控ML模型的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/aws\/amazon-sagemaker-model-monitor-fully-managed-automatic-monitoring-for-your-machine-learning-models\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。DataOps希望通过应用DevOps团队使用的类似概念来减少自己的周期时间，从而缩短数据分析的周期时间。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在DevOps的人员和组织领域，我们已经看到了出自Matthew Skelton和Manuel Pais的《团队拓扑》一书，它已经成为组织部署团队以实现有效软件交付的实际参考。《团队拓扑》描述了四种基本的团队类型和三种团队交互模式，并深入研究了团队的职责边界以及团队与其他团队沟通或交互的方式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事件发生后的“无责的事后分析”也越来越受到关注，变得更类似于“健康回顾”，整个组织都可以从中学习。"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/minibooks\/resilience-engineering-covid-era\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"弹性工程"}]},{"type":"text","text":"计算领域和“"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.learningfromincidents.io\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"从事件中学习"}]},{"type":"text","text":"”社区的主要领导人在推动这一讨论方面发挥了重要作用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以下是2019年上半年的主题图。2021年的版本位于本文的前文部分。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/a2\/13\/a27be4ebf4c6ed8e0a3088640991e013.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"下面是几个InfoQ云计算DevOps主题编辑和InfoQ贡献者之间相关的内部聊天记录，仅做了些少量编辑整理，你可以从相关语境中了解图中的推荐定位。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Lena Hall ："},{"type":"text","text":"微软的大型系统总监，最近发表了《我们能相信云不会失败吗?》以及《Azure Synapse的进化：Apache Spark 3.0，GPU加速，Delta Lake, Dataverse支持》等文章。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"走向早期大众"}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"GitOps（特别是正在获得关注的GitHub Actions）"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"转向早期采用者"}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DataOps正在获得广泛的关注（特别是数据治理、数据沿程、数据质量、数据目录工具）"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"早期创新者的新课题"}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"革新者：Policy as Code--策略即代码(检验\/管理组件源附近位置的访问策略)"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"创新者：云原生混合方法（例如，Azure Arc，谷歌Anthos）"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"创新者：跨云统一基础设施自动化\/运维（如Crossplane、开放策略代理）"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"创新者：数据网格（去中心化数据所有权、联邦数据治理、产品思维、自助数据基础设施）"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"创新者\/早期采用者：无复制的数据共享（Snowflake，谷歌BigQuery, Azure Synapse, Presto\/Starburst等）"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DevSecOps（但它可能没那么新，因为在上一个报告中就已经左移了)"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此外，Hall还讨论了混合云模型的发展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"云原生混合方法"},{"type":"text","text":"（例如，Azure Arc，谷歌Anthos）。在传统的理解中，混合云意味着对公司的部分工作负载使用本地基础设施，并对相关的其他部分使用公有云。例如，混合云策略意味着在云中运行一些应用程序（例如，无服务器处理），在本地基础设施上运行一些应用程序（例如，商业ERP系统）。混合数据方法看起来就像在云中存储数据备份一样简单，或者使用更高级的云网关和精准调优的数据同步、缓存或移动模式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在最近的几个月和几年里，混合选项已经超越了传统的定义，云服务功能已能够在云之外运行，从而提供更加无缝和流畅的体验。我们可以将新的云本地混合选项视为云服务到本地或多云环境的扩展。Azure Arc和谷歌Anthos就是很好的案例。Azure Arc是其中的一个理想案例。它支持在混合和多云环境中运行用于PostgreSQL Hyperscale的Azure SQL托管实例和Azure数据库。它还通过Azure App Service、Functions、Logic Apps等提供本地应用和云应用的一致管理。另一个绝佳案例是谷歌Anthos支持BigQuery Omni，能够在多个云上部署和管理查询引擎。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"需要注意的是，这些新的原生云混合方法，如Azure Arc和谷歌Anthos，不同于更标准的混合云方法，如Azure Stack或Amazon Outposts。为了更清楚地表述它，Azure Arc和Azure Stack都提供了混合解决方案(并且可以一起使用)。Azure Stack是一种在本地运行Azure环境的硬件方法。另一方面，Azure Arc是一种软件方法，将本地和多云资源(由虚拟或物理服务器和Kubernetes集群组成)视为由Azure资源管理器本地管理和访问的资源。同样，我们可以如此区分谷歌Anthos\/Azure Arc和AWS Outposts。尽管AWS Outposts将AWS云平台扩展到本地，但它有特定的硬件需求，并且只与AWS设计和支持的硬件设备兼容。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hall还就“无复制的数据共享”这一新兴趋势分享了一个有趣的见解。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"无复制的数据共享"},{"type":"text","text":"（Snowflake、Google BigQuery、Azure 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PC。他目前的技术专长是“DevOps”工具、云\/容器平台和微服务实现。Daniel是伦敦Java社区(LJC)的领导者，为几个开源项目做出过贡献，为InfoQ、O'Reilly和DZone等知名技术网站撰稿，并定期在QCon、JavaOne和Devoxx等国际会议上发表演讲。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/BealHelen","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Helen Beal"}]},{"type":"text","text":"： DevOps发言人，作家，战略顾问，InfoQ DevOps编辑。她的关注点是通过行为、互动和技术改进，帮助组织优化从想法到价值实现的流程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/profile\/Rupert-Field\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rupert Field"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ：Duffle-bag咨询交付主管和InfoQ DevOps编辑。他喜欢学习技术，帮助人们利用技术解决问题。他的经验包括定义、设计和交付技术团队战略。这包括提供指导、培训、运营模式设计和业务转型。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/profile\/Shaaron-A-Alvares\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Shaaron A Alvares"}]},{"type":"text","text":"：InfoQ的DevOps、文化与方法编辑，敏捷教练。她是敏捷认证领导者、敏捷国际联盟的敏捷认证教练和敏捷认证从业者，在技术和组织转型方面拥有全球工作经验。她在欧洲多个全球财富500强公司(如BNP-Paribas、NYSE-Euronext、ALCOA Inc.)引入了精益敏捷产品和软件开发实践，并在Amazon.com、Expedia、Microsoft、T-Mobile领导了大量精益敏捷和DevOps实践的采用和转型。Shaaron在法国国家科学研究中心(CNRS)发表了哲学硕士和博士论文。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/profile\/Matt-Campbell\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Matt Campbell"}]},{"type":"text","text":"：首席编辑，D2L（一家教育技术公司）DevOps 、工程总监，负责他们的基础设施和云平台团队。他关注的领域是DevOps和网站可靠性工程，并做企业规模的实现。他还在康内斯托加学院(Conestoga College)教授编程课程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"译者简介：冬雨，小小技术宅一枚，从事研发过程改进及质量改进方面的工作，关注编程、软件工程、敏捷、DevOps、云计算等领域，非常乐意将国外新鲜的IT资讯和深度技术文章翻译分享给大家，已翻译出版《深入敏捷测试》、《持续交付实战》。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"原文链接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/articles\/devops-and-cloud-trends-2021\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DevOps and Cloud InfoQ Trends Report - July 2021"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}
DevOps和云｜InfoQ趋势报告（2021年7月）
{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本文要点"}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"混合云选项已经超越了传统的定义，云服务的功能已能够在云外运行。Azure Arc和谷歌Anthos等服务为开发者和运营商提供了更加无缝的“混合”体验。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在新兴的“无复制的数据共享”方法中，不需要移动或复制数据就可以从不同的服务访问数据。我们相信，最近宣布的“增量共享”（Delta Sharing）开放标准将有助于无复制数据共享的进一步推广。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"持续集成和持续交付（CI\/CD）工具和实践之间仍存在着一定程度的混淆，这方面的进展还很有限。GitOps和网站可靠性工程（SRE）实践被越来越多地采用。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"可观察性实践和工具不断成熟。可观察性的三大支柱中，日志记录和度量域相对来说已经被很好地采用了，但是跟踪的采用情况仍然较差。在这个领域，有许多进步令人倍受鼓舞，特别是伴随OpenTelemetry的广泛采用而来的那些进步。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我们正在利用FinOps（用于成本分析的实时信息流）跟踪创新发展，目标是财务团队与微软和AWS等公共云供应商同处一线。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"越来越流行的实践（如由OPA提倡的“策略即代码”）以及远程访问管理工具（如HashiCorp的Boundary）正在推动身份即代码和隐私即代码。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《团队拓扑》这本书已经成为组织中部署团队以实现有效软件交付的实际参考。事件发生后的“无责的事后分析”也越来越受到关注，变得更类似于“健康的回顾”，整个组织都可以从中学习。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/3b\/df\/3b122c6cb41354a5a5a478b751a36fdf.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本文总结了InfoQ目前对“云计算和DevOps”领域的看法，重点关注基础设施和运维模式、技术框架中模式的实现，以及软件架构师或工程师必须掌握的技能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"正如Geoffrey Moore在《"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crossing_the_Chasm","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"跨越鸿沟"}]},{"type":"text","text":"》一书中所定义的那样，InfoQ和QCon系列会议都关注技术传播的“创新者、早期采用者和早期大众阶段”的主题。我们试图做的是，找出符合摩尔所说的早期市场的想法，在这个市场中，“用户群由技术爱好者和有远见的人组成，他们希望能先行一步，在机遇或迫在眉睫的问题前占得先机。”我们还在寻找那些可能“跨越鸿沟”、得到更广泛采用的想法。在这种情况下，也许值得指出的是，一项技术在采用曲线上的确切位置是可以变化的。例如，微服务在旧金山湾区的公司中得到了广泛采用，但在其他地方可能不太会得到广泛采用，也可能不太合适采用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在这一期的云计算和DevOps趋势报告中，我们认为，混合云方法已经发展成为更加“云原生”的方式。在2019年底三位著名的公有云供应商都带来了新的混合云产品市场，在过去的两年里他们一直对它们大力投资，谷歌的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/news\/2020\/04\/anthos-multicloud-aws-ga\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Anthos"}]},{"type":"text","text":"、微软的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/news\/2020\/06\/azure-stack-hub-updates\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Azure Arc 和Stack offerings"}]},{"type":"text","text":"、AWS的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/news\/2020\/01\/AWS-Outposts-Hybrid\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Outposts"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，以及最近的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/news\/2021\/06\/amazon-ecs-anywhere-ga","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amazon ECS Anywhere"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。比如，对于企业来说，它不仅要将工作负载带到云上，还要在内部运行，或两者同时运行，甚至在多个云上运行。因此，使用Arc或Anthos这样的服务集中管理工作负载的基础设施就很具价值了。此外，这些产品允许企业扩展其平台。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在“"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/minibooks\/edge-cloud\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"边缘云"}]},{"type":"text","text":"”和“边缘计算”领域，技术演变越来越多，因此我们认为这个课题应该转移到图表中的早期采用者阶段。具体的供应商工具，如Cloudflare Workers、Fastly的Compute@Edge和Amazon CloudFront的Lambda@Edge在这里有相当大的吸引力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"本报告的参与者还发现了一个名为“无复制的数据共享”的新兴趋势。你可以在Snowflake等数据管理服务中看到，这些服务支持用户在其源共享数据，却不复制或移动数据。另一个例子是"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/articles\/azure-synapse-analytics-service\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Azure Synapse服务"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，它支持通过Azure Synapse Link从Azure Cosmos DB共享无复制数据。最近宣布的增量共享开放标准也推动了无复制数据共享趋势的上升。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在DevOps和网站可靠性工程中，可观察性仍然是一个热门课题。虽然大多数组织已经开始实现某种形式的可观察性软件栈，但正如"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/holly_cummins","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Holly Cummins"}]},{"type":"text","text":"所指出的，这个术语已经承载了过多的内容，因此应该将其分解为不同的组件了。集中日志聚合之类的想法目前在大多数组织中都很常见，然而，日志仅是构成可观察性的三大支柱之一。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"日益流行的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/opentelemetry.io\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"OpenTelemetry"}]},{"type":"text","text":"项目提供了一个一致的框架，不仅可以捕获日志，还可以捕获痕迹和指标。采用单一框架就能带来一致性，这有助于跨混合和异构环境捕获数据，也有助于工具监控。使用服务水平目标（sls）工具来传达监视和可观察性的预期结果也越来越流行，就像今年早些时候首次映入眼帘的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.sloconf.com\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SLOConf"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在过去的一年里，随着MLOps和DataOps的发展，“DevOps for Data”得到了越来越多的应用。MLOps专注于使用DevOps风格的实践 （如CI和CD） 来实施机器学习模型的持续培训。开源工具和商业服务可以在这一领域提供帮助，例如用于在Kubernetes上部署ML模型的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/github.com\/kubeflow","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"KubeFlow"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，用于自动监控ML模型的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/aws\/amazon-sagemaker-model-monitor-fully-managed-automatic-monitoring-for-your-machine-learning-models\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。DataOps希望通过应用DevOps团队使用的类似概念来减少自己的周期时间，从而缩短数据分析的周期时间。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在DevOps的人员和组织领域，我们已经看到了出自Matthew Skelton和Manuel Pais的《团队拓扑》一书，它已经成为组织部署团队以实现有效软件交付的实际参考。《团队拓扑》描述了四种基本的团队类型和三种团队交互模式，并深入研究了团队的职责边界以及团队与其他团队沟通或交互的方式。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事件发生后的“无责的事后分析”也越来越受到关注，变得更类似于“健康回顾”，整个组织都可以从中学习。"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/minibooks\/resilience-engineering-covid-era\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"弹性工程"}]},{"type":"text","text":"计算领域和“"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.learningfromincidents.io\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"从事件中学习"}]},{"type":"text","text":"”社区的主要领导人在推动这一讨论方面发挥了重要作用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以下是2019年上半年的主题图。2021年的版本位于本文的前文部分。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/a2\/13\/a27be4ebf4c6ed8e0a3088640991e013.jpeg","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"下面是几个InfoQ云计算DevOps主题编辑和InfoQ贡献者之间相关的内部聊天记录，仅做了些少量编辑整理，你可以从相关语境中了解图中的推荐定位。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Lena Hall ："},{"type":"text","text":"微软的大型系统总监，最近发表了《我们能相信云不会失败吗?》以及《Azure Synapse的进化：Apache Spark 3.0，GPU加速，Delta Lake, Dataverse支持》等文章。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"走向早期大众"}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"GitOps（特别是正在获得关注的GitHub 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Policy Agent (OPA)"}]},{"type":"text","text":"推广）和远程访问管理工具（如"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/news\/2021\/04\/hashicorp-boundary\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"HashiCorp的Boundary"}]},{"type":"text","text":"），正在推动身份即代码、隐私即代码，因此这些方法可能属于创新领域。这些趋势是“安全左移”方法或更新的DevSecOps想法的延续。随着对早期安全实践的持续推动，我认为我们将在来年看到更多的工具和流程得以引入。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作者简介"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/lenadroid","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Lena Hall"}]},{"type":"text","text":" - 微软大数据工程总监。她在微软负责大数据服务的产品改进工作，领导一个团队，负责技术战略。Lena 是推进、促进和推动云服务进一步加速的工程倡议和战略的推动者。Lena拥有超过10年的解决方案架构和软件工程经验，专注于分布式云编程、实时系统设计、高扩展性和高性能系统、大数据分析、数据科学、函数式编程和机器学习。此前，她是微软研究院的高级软件工程师。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/holly_cummins","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Holly Cummins"}]},{"type":"text","text":" -SPEED @IBM 创新领袖，公司战略，在IBM Garage做了几年的顾问。作为Garage的一部分，她为各行各业的客户提供技术支持的创新，从银行到餐饮、零售到非政府组织。Holly是Oracle Java冠军，IBM Q大使，JavaOne摇滚明星。她是曼宁的《企业级OSGi in Action》一书的合著者。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/profile\/Renato-Losio\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Renato Losio"}]},{"type":"text","text":"：云架构师、远程工作爱好者、演讲者和InfoQ云计算编辑。Renato在意大利、英国、葡萄牙和德国拥有多年的软件工程师、技术领先和云服务专家经验。他住在柏林，作为Funambol的首席云架构师远程工作。基于位置的服务和关系数据库是他的主要工作兴趣。他是AWS数据英雄。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/jaredruckle","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Jared Ruckle"}]},{"type":"text","text":"：InfoQ的云计算编辑；HashiCorp产品营销。Jared 在产品营销和产品管理方面有超过20年的经验。他曾就职于多家IaaS、PaaS和SaaS公司，包括VMware、Pivotal和CenturyLink。目前，Jared 是HashiCorp的产品营销总监。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ThisisAadi","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Aditya Kulkarni"}]},{"type":"text","text":"：Tenerity的博主，读者，迭代经理，InfoQ的DevOps编辑。Aditya从开发人员角色开始，已经发展到管理领域。Aditya与组织在敏捷之旅中合作，一直保持着技术方面的联系。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/SteefJan","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Steef-Jan Wiggers"}]},{"type":"text","text":"：HSO技术集成架构师，微软Azure MVP和InfoQ云计算首席编辑。他目前的技术专长是集成平台实现、Azure DevOps和Azure平台解决方案架构。Steef-Jan是荷兰Azure用户组(Dutch Azure User Group)的董事会成员，经常在会议和用户组上发言，为InfoQ和无服务器笔记(Serverless Notes)撰稿。此外，微软还将他评为过去11年的微软Azure MVP。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/danielbryantuk","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Daniel Byrant"}]},{"type":"text","text":"： Ambassador Labs开发者关系总监、InfoQ 新闻经理、QCon PC。他目前的技术专长是“DevOps”工具、云\/容器平台和微服务实现。Daniel是伦敦Java社区(LJC)的领导者，为几个开源项目做出过贡献，为InfoQ、O'Reilly和DZone等知名技术网站撰稿，并定期在QCon、JavaOne和Devoxx等国际会议上发表演讲。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/twitter.com\/BealHelen","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Helen Beal"}]},{"type":"text","text":"： DevOps发言人，作家，战略顾问，InfoQ DevOps编辑。她的关注点是通过行为、互动和技术改进，帮助组织优化从想法到价值实现的流程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/profile\/Rupert-Field\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rupert Field"}]},{"type":"text","text":" ：Duffle-bag咨询交付主管和InfoQ DevOps编辑。他喜欢学习技术，帮助人们利用技术解决问题。他的经验包括定义、设计和交付技术团队战略。这包括提供指导、培训、运营模式设计和业务转型。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/profile\/Shaaron-A-Alvares\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Shaaron A Alvares"}]},{"type":"text","text":"：InfoQ的DevOps、文化与方法编辑，敏捷教练。她是敏捷认证领导者、敏捷国际联盟的敏捷认证教练和敏捷认证从业者，在技术和组织转型方面拥有全球工作经验。她在欧洲多个全球财富500强公司(如BNP-Paribas、NYSE-Euronext、ALCOA Inc.)引入了精益敏捷产品和软件开发实践，并在Amazon.com、Expedia、Microsoft、T-Mobile领导了大量精益敏捷和DevOps实践的采用和转型。Shaaron在法国国家科学研究中心(CNRS)发表了哲学硕士和博士论文。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/profile\/Matt-Campbell\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Matt Campbell"}]},{"type":"text","text":"：首席编辑，D2L（一家教育技术公司）DevOps 、工程总监，负责他们的基础设施和云平台团队。他关注的领域是DevOps和网站可靠性工程，并做企业规模的实现。他还在康内斯托加学院(Conestoga College)教授编程课程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"译者简介：冬雨，小小技术宅一枚，从事研发过程改进及质量改进方面的工作，关注编程、软件工程、敏捷、DevOps、云计算等领域，非常乐意将国外新鲜的IT资讯和深度技术文章翻译分享给大家，已翻译出版《深入敏捷测试》、《持续交付实战》。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"原文链接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.com\/articles\/devops-and-cloud-trends-2021\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"DevOps and Cloud InfoQ Trends Report - July 2021"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}
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