Docker員工自述：我們爲什麼“輸”給了Kubernetes？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker還活着。儘管它近兩三年的境況並不理想，但它還在苦苦掙扎，試圖找到自己的商業價值。就在上週，Docker"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.docker.com\/legal\/docker-subscription-service-agreement","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"宣佈"}]},{"type":"text","text":"更改Docker軟件的許可條款。在不久的將來，爲大企業工作的Docker Desktop專業用戶需要付費訂閱才能繼續使用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與此同時，Docker 還推出了一項專門針對企業的新訂閱計劃，即 Docker Business。新條款於 8 月 31 日生效，但 Docker 給出了截至 2022 年 1 月 31 日的寬限期，以便開發人員遵守新服務協議並在有需要的時候購買付費訂閱。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不出所料，Docker 的舉措引發了開發者的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=28385226","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"討論"}]},{"type":"text","text":"。雖然許多人表示理解 Docker 新訂閱背後的考慮，但也表達了他們的不滿。批評主要分兩類，有些人認爲Docker的決定開創了有潛在“危險”的先例，未來它可能會增加訂閱成本。不過，其他人表示，這種觀點並沒有考慮到團隊如果不得不依賴“維護不善”的開源軟件時，會產生更高的成本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另一方面，人們最擔心的是企業內部採購流程的難度，這可能會“勸退”開發者繼續使用 Docker，自然而然地，不少人開始探索替代方案，包括Minikube、Canonical的MicroK8s等。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"至於開發者和企業會不會覺得 Docker Desktop 的替代方案更方便，又或者選擇支付訂閱計劃所需的少量費用從而保持現有工作流程不變，還有待觀察。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Docker的商業嘗試無可厚非，但更遺憾的是，Docker從未成功將技術創新轉化爲可持續的商業模式"},{"type":"text","text":"，還被迫在2019年11月將企業業務出售給Mirantis。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今天，廣受歡迎的開源編排工具Kubernetes已經取代了Docker爲自己設計的利潤核心Swarm企業容器編排工具。於是，Docker苦心經營多年的利潤還是“泡了湯”，之後只能半死不活地掙扎求存。但是，真實的故事要比這複雜得多。近日，外媒InfoWorld採訪了數位前任及現任Docker員工、開源貢獻者、客戶及行業分析師，試圖從這個分崩離析的故事中找尋真相。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“每件事都只能淺嘗輒止”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"嚴重依賴鉅額風險投資、競爭格局不斷變化加上各大雲巨頭都想分一杯羹，Docker這家年輕企業面臨的壓力實際遠遠超過大多數人的想象。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker從2014年左右開始認真考慮將自身的容器市場領先地位轉化爲可變現商業戰略。2014年與2015年，該公司分別用一部分風險投資收購了Koality與Tutum，同時也推出了Docker企業支持計劃的首個迭代版本。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這些投資後來催生出了Docker Hub等產品——大家可以把它理解成是Docker鏡像的GitHub（目前仍然存在）——最終又成就了Docker Enterprise。但這些產品一直沒能真正受到企業客戶的認可，他們通常樂於同更成熟的合作伙伴攜手，或者是自主構建而非直接採購解決方案。因此Docker只能繼續努力開發客戶真正想要的產品組合。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker 創始人"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Solomon Hykes"},{"type":"text","text":"（於2018年3月宣佈從Docker離職）在接受採訪時指出，“我們一直拿不出優秀的商業產品，原因是我們始終無法集中注意力。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"我們對每件事都只能淺嘗輒止。單是維持開發者社區的增長並構建一款偉大的商業產品就已經夠難了，當時我們還需要同時開發三到四款。很遺憾，我們在這方面投入了大量精力和金錢，但沒能在任何一條道路上走到終點。"},{"type":"text","text":"”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事後來看，Hykes 認爲 Docker 不應該急於開發產品，而最好能更多傾聽客戶的意見。Hykes感嘆道，“我本來沒必要急着擴大商業產品的規模，反倒該用更多資金從社區中收集洞察見解，並建立起一支理解需求、有能力解決需求的團隊。我們在2014年曾經面對轉折點，但我們覺得自己等不及了，所以在急切當中做出了決定。實際上並沒那麼急。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"也有人認爲"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Docker過早把好東西免費發佈了出來"},{"type":"text","text":"。今年年初，谷歌的Kelsey Hightower在採訪中表示，“他們相當於是免費推出了自己最有份量的王牌。他們已經解決了問題，而且是全面解決：設計鏡像、構建鏡像、存儲鏡像、運行鏡像。之後還剩什麼？沒有空間了呀。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hykes並不同意這樣的觀點。“我認爲這說法不對。一般來講，核心開源產品先要創造巨大的增長，之後才能找到可行的商業化機會。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"很多企業都成功實現了Docker的商業化，只是Docker自己沒有。Docker中的很多東西都可以成功商業化，只是Docker自己沒做成。"},{"type":"text","text":"”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"例如，Red Hat與Pivotal（現屬於VMware）都是Docker的早期合作伙伴。他們將Docker容器集成至自己的商業PaaS產品（分別是 OpenShift 與Cloud Foundry）當中，併爲開源項目做出了貢獻。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如今回憶起來，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Hykes還覺得他混淆了“社區與生態系統”這兩個概念。"},{"type":"text","text":"Red Hat根本“不是社區中的一部分，他們也從來不真正在乎Docker到底能不能成功。我們錯誤地希望讓Red Hat成爲社區中的一部分。回想起來，這樣的夥伴關係永遠不可能給Docker帶來助益。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"因此，旅遊科技企業Amadeus等早期客戶從2015年起轉向Red Hat，藉此填補Docker留下的企業應用空白。其雲平臺負責人Edouard Hubin表示，“我們直接從先驅用戶轉型爲Red Hat的主要合作伙伴。我們在這種模式下使用Docker開源版本，並由Red Hat爲我們提供容器技術支持。容器化是顛覆虛擬化的重大技術變革的第一步，而真正改變了企業遊戲規則的是容器編排解決方案。很明顯，Docker沒能壓制住Kubernetes，最終被迫陷入極爲困難的局面。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker公司前CEO（2013年至2017年）Ben Golub則表示，“正所謂「神仙打架、凡人遭殃」。我們都知道，這場風暴的中心其實並不在於Docker，而是各大雲服務商之間的慘烈搏殺。他們都想把Docker拉向自己的方向，而選擇忠於我們最初設立的價值觀與業務根基簡直像是在鋼絲上跳舞。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這位前任CEO指出，隨着Docker的不斷髮展，這一切因素都自然而然造成一種“緊張”的氛圍。Golub回憶道，“我們希望建立起偉大的社區並通過開發者產品獲利，同時還希望打造一款出色的運營商產品，幫助客戶大規模構建並部署容器。雖然願景在此，但我們很快意識到自身必須迅速擴大規模，而且拿不出太多時間來平衡社區發展與商業企業轉型這兩條路線……"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"作爲一家初創企業，我們每天在匆忙中做出上百個決定，之後就是祈禱自己能少犯點錯"},{"type":"text","text":"。”"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與Kubernetes談不攏的合作：自負與傲慢"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"縱觀整個發展歷程，Docker做出了很多令其追悔莫及的決定，但其中最嚴重的一個當數"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"拒絕接受Kubernetes作爲首選新興容器編排工具"},{"type":"text","text":"。面對這位新朋友，Docker擺出了敵對的架勢、一意孤行地推進自己的專有Docker Swarm編排工具。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事實上，Docker公司在2014年本來有機會與谷歌Kubernetes團隊開展密切合作，並在過程當中把控整個容器生態系統。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker最早一批員工、也是效力時間最長的Jérôme Petazzoni表示，“我們最大的錯誤就是錯過了Kubernetes。當時我們正處於集體心態膨脹的狀態，我們認爲Kubernetes太複雜了，Swarm一定能獲得成功。這種錯誤判斷也最終讓我們陷入了集體失敗。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據多位親歷者證實，雙方在谷歌舊金山辦公室內展開的緊張討論中包含衆多技術細節，兩邊對於容器編排的具體實現方法也都有着明確而強烈的己見。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Kubernetes聯合創始人、現任VMware公司副總裁"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Craig McLuckie"},{"type":"text","text":"表示，他曾提出"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"將Kubernetes捐贈給Docker，但雙方未能達成協議"},{"type":"text","text":"。他在採訪中提到，“兩邊確實有點互相看不起的意思。我們從Docker那邊感受不到任何開發經驗，感覺上這羣年輕的暴發戶根本不理解分佈式系統的管理祕訣。”其他在場人士也提到討論氛圍並不正式，當時的主要訴求就是尋找聯合開發的可能性。但無論如何，兩邊團隊未能達成任何統一的意見，於是最終分道揚鑣。谷歌則在2014年的夏季推出了Kubernetes。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hykes也承認，當時Docker與谷歌團隊之間的關係非常緊張。“有那麼一刻，我們的自負佔據了上風。谷歌擁有很多既聰明又富有經驗的人才，但Docker這位局外人卻被勝利衝昏了頭腦。我們沒在谷歌工作過、也沒上過斯坦福大學、更沒有計算機科學博士學位。有些人不想讓對方來瞎摻和，於是這就成了一場自我之戰、「反智」之戰。最終，Docker與Kubernetes團隊之間充滿意義的合作就這樣胎死腹中了。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Docker公司最早的一批員工、前業務發展與技術聯盟副總裁"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Nick Stinemates"},{"type":"text","text":"表示，“我們本可以讓Kubernetes成爲GitHub之上頭頂Docker名號的一流Docker項目。事後看來，Swarm的上市時間太晚，最終引發了無法挽回的失敗。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“一方面是我們太過自負，另一方面則在於Kubernetes幾位聯合創始人Joe Beda、Brendan Burns以及Craig McLuckie的尖銳態度——他們對於服務層級API的需求有着毫不讓步的堅持，但Docker在技術上卻並不太關注單一API。所以我們雙方根本無法達成一致。”Stinemates說道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"無論如何，Kubernetes最終贏得了容器編排之戰。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但Craig McLuckie也強調，他“不知道Kubernetes會發展到今天這個程度。事後分析太容易了，但人在局中時確實沒辦法看得那麼清楚。”"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"高層的裂隙"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在2015年以10億美元的“獨角獸”估值完成9500萬美元的鉅額D輪融資之後，Docker終於走到了炒作週期的頂峯。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Stinemates表示，“這輪融資給Docker設下了極高的發展期望，也暴露出我們這家企業即將面臨的一系列根本難題。我認爲"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"當時擔任公司CEO的Ben Golub有很多想法跟Hykes不同，而且大家都知道兩個人出現了意見分歧。"},{"type":"text","text":"董事會大量參與、努力安撫創始人的情緒，同時也給了CEO足夠的迴旋餘地，希望推動公司走向成功。如果由Hykes決定，那麼他會堅持以社區爲導向的路線創造病毒式傳播。而在Ben看來，越早轉向商業運營就越能掌握主動權。這種緊張的局勢，導致我們在兩條路上都沒能走到底。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"這種態勢最終催生出兩個Docker：面向開發人員、廣受歡迎的命令行工具兼開源項目Docker社區版，以及面向希望大規模採用容器的企業客戶的商業工具套件Docker企業版。遺憾的是，公司的行動太慢了，沒辦法把二者明確拆分開來並分別提供發展資源。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"到2018年，裂隙開始顯現。Docker公司逐漸無法在日益不滿的開源社區及強大的合作伙伴，與要求在生產環境中運行容器的苛刻企業客戶之間找到可行的路線。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不久之後的2018年3月，Hykes離開了自己一手創立的公司。他在一篇"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/8sDYJS1Z17udZA8VrUlO","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/8sDYJS1Z17udZA8VrUlO"}]},{"type":"text","text":"中寫道，“作爲創始人，我當然有着複雜的情緒。任何一位創業者都希望自己的公司能夠在自己離去時仍能獲得成功。我的這一天也終於到來，沒想到是以這樣苦樂參半的方式。對創始人來說，放棄一生追逐的夢想確實是種煎熬。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如今回望過去，Hykes倒是超脫了出來。“我意識到自己並不屬於這家公司，繼續留下也沒有什麼建設性貢獻，所以我離開了……我已經失去了創業的樂趣，所以要麼留下當個CEO、要麼直接告別更好。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"面對日益嚴重的資金問題，Docker公司輪換了新的CEO——"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Ben Golub"},{"type":"text","text":"於2017年5月讓位於給前SAP CEO "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Steve Singh"},{"type":"text","text":"；2019年6月，前Hortonworks CEO "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Rob Bearden"},{"type":"text","text":"又從Singh手中接過權柄。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"現在Docker的定位是什麼"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在初始投資者Insight Venture Partners與Benchmark Capital 3500萬美元的現金支撐之下，如今 Docker 的“殘軀”正在七年資深人士"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Scott Johnston"},{"type":"text","text":"的領導下，由"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"Docker Engine容器運行時、Docker Hub鏡像庫以及Docker Desktop軟件"},{"type":"text","text":"苦撐着。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Johnston在採訪中表示，自己正努力“像激光般聚焦開發者的實際需求”，希望以此幫助Docker公司迴歸本源。“我們認爲Docker公司比以往任何時候都更強大，憑藉的是三個核心：以客戶爲中心、統一的上市規劃與更具生態系統友好度的商業模式。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Johnston決心不再重蹈過往的覆轍，專注爲企業內的核心軟件開發者受衆提供價值。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Johnston認爲，“Docker 2.0”的增長機會在於爲安全、經過驗證的鏡像提供新的開發者工具與可信內容，同時爲以容器技術爲基礎的新興計算模型（例如無服務器、機器學習及物聯網工作負載）持續提供推動力。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"更重要的是，Docker仍然是行業標準的容器運行時，目前Docker Desktop擁有300萬的可觀裝機量。此外，在Stack Overflow的《2021年開發者調查》報告中，49%的受訪者表示自己經常使用Docker Desktop工具。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"儘管如此，人們對Docker的未來仍然不太看好。Stinemates坦言，“直白一點的話，我會質疑如今的Docker還算不算真的存在。從職業角度來看，這真的很可悲。我再也沒遇到過能像Docker那樣令人興奮、充滿活力而且時刻創造出火花的企業。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Hykes則總結道，“公平地說，Docker沒能把自己的業務潛力轉化成實際價值……至少目前還沒有。但我很高興Docker在經歷了這麼多年的坎坷之後再次抓住了建立業務的機會。這證明了Docker項目的品牌和底子都很厚實。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"延展閱讀："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/x14tVB7izIDJpJHeoEuJ","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/x14tVB7izIDJpJHeoEuJ"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MjM5MDE0Mjc4MA==&mid=2651056444&idx=1&sn=5bae19652a7cfbb41a9b97d52e7e14e1&chksm=bdbe116f8ac9987911ad0c3930224aa8e8cbb450f13f920914ba981f886f18be240930bdfc4e&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《Docker 的第二次死亡》"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzIzNjUxMzk2NQ==&mid=2247513892&idx=1&sn=6e2455efbc87c8082f200ab1c14c78e9&chksm=e8d448e6dfa3c1f08a6b5f7743fc68a62e3599574cf11a742f502dea4acad5d4f89c51d0ae83&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"《曾兩次被斷言死亡，容器領導者 Docker 正式開啓商業化之路》"}]}]}]}