为什么年轻一代连操作系统的基本知识都不懂？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"文件夹与目录结构这些帮助前几代人理解计算机的基本理论，在很多年轻一代看来已经成了一种莫名其妙的“疯话”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"两代人之间的碰撞"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"天体物理学家Catherine Garland从2017年开始逐渐意识到这个问题。当时她正在教授一门工程课程，要求学生们使用仿真软件为喷气发动机中的涡轮机建模。虽然作业布置得很清楚，但她却不断接到学生们的求助电话，他们都说自己收到了同样的错误提示：程序找不到他们的文件（File not Found Error）。当Garland询问学生作业是保存在桌面上还是共享驱动器时，学生们好像完全听不懂。“您在说什么？”他们甚至根本听不懂Garland的问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其他教授对第一次遇到这类问题的情景同样记忆犹新。苏塞克斯大学心理学系讲师Lincoln Colling要求全班的研究生们从特定目录中打开文件，但学生们都很疑惑。同一学期，哥伦比亚大学EAFIT应用物理学家兼讲师Nicolás Guarín-Zapata也注意到，自己班上的学生很难找到他们的文件。同年，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/cseducators.stackexchange.com\/questions\/5551\/what-is-a-file?rq=1","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"SETM教育者论坛"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"上开始出现帖子，求助该怎么向学生们解释清楚文件的概念。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"这个现象从2017年左右开始出现，距今已经持续了四年左右。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"作为哥伦比亚大学EAFIT应用物理学家兼讲师，Guarín-Zapata的电脑上有一套完整且错综复杂的文件夹结构，而且他会把智能手机上的照片按类别进行区分。2000年初，他在上大学的时候也会认真整理论文。现在，他的硬盘驱动器就像一个井井有条的文件柜。“我打开一个抽屉，里面有一个柜子，打开柜子，里面又有更多抽屉，这就像是一种嵌套结构。最终，我总能找到自己需要的文件夹或者文件。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"Guarín-Zapata的这种认知模型通常被称为目录结构，也是现代计算机操作系统用于排列文件的分层系统。现代计算机不只会持续接收文件，还会把它们保存在“下载”文件夹、“桌面”文件夹或者“文档”文件夹内，而这一切又位于“我的电脑”里面。每个文件夹之内还可能包含下一级文件夹。对于每一位接触计算机比较早的朋友，都会对这样的管理机制习以为常。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"对于Guarín-Zapata这代人来说，这是个直观、甚至不需要解释的基本思路，但他们的学生们却对此一无所知。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"普林斯顿大学大四学生Joshua Drossman从记事起对计算机系统的感受就跟Garland教授有所区别。他这样描述自己的认知模型：最直观的东西就是脏衣篓，我们把所有东西都放进去，需要的时候再拿出来。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"作为一名运筹学与金融工程专业的学生，Drossman懂得如何编程，在本科期间也接受过目录与文件夹导航的相关培训。即使如此，他仍然做不到教授们那样。在参与一个持续九个月的大项目时，Drossman发现相关文件实在太多，最终选择了放弃管理。“我本来打算把顺序排好，但有时候文件实在太多了，弄得人头痛不已。”Drossman回忆道。最终，他把众多项目全部塞进了一个巨大的文件夹内。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"某本科大学的计算物理专业教授表示，这些学生是聪明人，但“在 C 驱动器上查找文件夹”的概念对这些人来说是陌生的。他们在大学期间买了笔记本电脑，但完全不知道当他们登录到 Windows 桌面上时，他们在看什么。让他们使用 IDE 进行设置并安装 Python 是一个痛苦的经历，但他们实际上很快掌握了编程，并能及时对热扩散或其他东西进行建模，尽管几乎不知道他们把东西保存在了哪里。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"得克萨斯州农工大学新闻专业的Aubrey Vogel谈到自己的文件管理习惯时表示，“我也希望把文件组织起来、还做了实际尝试，但最终只会弄得一团糟。我的家人最受不了我的桌面，上面密密麻麻摆着无数个图标。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"而另一方面，教授们对自己学生的行为也完全无法理解。“学生们在实验室里都要用电脑，但他们会把无数文件直接丢在桌面上，毫无组织、毫无纪律。”乔治梅森大学物理学与天文学副教授Peter Plavchan说道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"目前，各个学科的STEM教授们都在编程课中遇到了教学双方无法沟通的问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"为什么会发生变化？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“在第一次使用计算机之前，我根本就没考虑到这个问题。”Drossman说道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"据codecentric CTO Uwe Friedrichsen观察，大约每五年就会出现一批新的来自大学或其他地方的开发人员。“这在一定程度上意味着，我们每五年就会失去一次集体记忆。这些人不知道几年前让你大开眼界的谈话或文章，他们必须重新开始学习所有的东西。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"就像教授们熟悉的文件夹概念，似乎已经过时了。很多像Drossman那么大的孩子在高中阶段已经开始把文件存储在 OneDrive 和 Dropbox中，并彻底告别了纸质文件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如今的学生最熟悉的是手机和平板电脑，由于对云的依赖，这些设备几乎隐藏起了操作系统的概念。有大学教计算机基础课程的老师现身说法："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“在这门课上，学生们按照指令制作一些文档，这些几乎都是在MS Office中完成的。完成后，他们会保存文件，然后上传到我们的服务器。这些文档通过自动作弊检测后，我再下载下来进行评分。在OneDrive出现之前，一切都很顺利。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但现在，学生们提交未完成的作品是非常常见的，因为他们会将作品保存到OneDrive，然后立即开始上传作品提交。他们不知道刚刚保存到云的版本还没有被触发下载到本地机器上，因此他们会提交一份不完整的文件。作业做得很差，然后向我证明他们正确地完成了作业，最终迫使我重新评分。一段时间内，我会对 Microsoft 工作流程的这种变化感到不满。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“我不知道为什么提供商反而认为云存储是最佳解决方案。”这也是很多网友提出的疑问。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"另一方面，Instagram、TikTok、Facebook以及YouTube等主流智能手机应用都在引导学生们从庞大的在线海洋中提取内容，而不用再把信息放置在紧密嵌套的结构当中，这可能也导致了新一代人对文件夹概念并不熟悉。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“在我翻动Snapchat和Twitter时，里面的内容没有任何特定顺序，但我还是能记住对应的内容大概在哪里。”有位iPhone忠实用户坦言。现代的浏览方式已经形成了一种肌肉记忆。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"同时，年轻一代的用户们也习惯了直接从用户界面中搜索内容，而不是一层层翻文件夹或者目录结构。而在很多教授的成长过程中，手机和电脑上从来就没有搜索功能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"全球第一款互联网搜索引擎在1990年左右开始普及，而Windows搜索与Mac OS上的Spotlight等功能也在2000年初正式出现。iPhone刚诞生时，现在的95后还在读小学或初中，而且这一代人的岁数跟谷歌差不多大。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“这代人并不比以往任何时候都更精通技术，他们只是更深入地沉浸其中，甚至越来越多的人迷失了。”有网友评价道。“这个年龄段里有一些真正的奇才，但也有很多人除了点击TikTok符号、打开TikTok之外，对计算机概念一无所知。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"这种新的思维方式可以说是技术进步的直接体现。但问题在于，开发人员在编写并通过命令行运行代码时，必须明确指定要访问的文件存放在哪里，程序无法自行搜索这些文件。有些编程语言虽然提供搜索功能，但由于实现难度太大，使用频率很低。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"旧知识还有价值吗？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"“从 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之前，这些就已经烙进我的脑子里了。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"很多人回忆起了自己初学计算机时的情况，也有很多人开始讨论“文件夹”、“目录”的区别。但随着新技术的发展，这些5年、10年甚至20多年前的东西还有价值吗？"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"codecentric CTO Uwe Friedrichsen曾表示，在 IT 中，“新”被认为是“有价值的”，而“旧”被认为是“毫无价值”。前人一遍又一遍地讲述同样的故事，但对于每年大量加入 IT 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