內容來源：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra
The Alhambra is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Andalusia, Spain. The complex was begun in 1238 by Muhammad I Ibn al-Ahmar, the first Nasrid emir.It was built on the Sabika hill, an outcrop of the Sierra Nevada which had been the site of earlier fortresses and of the 11th-century palace of Samuel ibn Naghrillah. Later Nasrid rulers continuously modified the site. The most significant construction campaigns, which gave the Comares Palace (or Court of the Myrtles) and the Palace of the Lions their definitive character, took place in the 14th century during the reigns of Yusuf I and Muhammad V. After the conclusion of the Christian Reconquista in 1492, the site became the Royal Court of Ferdinand and Isabella (where Christopher Columbus received royal endorsement for his expedition), and the palaces were partially altered in the Renaissance style. In 1526, Charles I of Spain commissioned a new Renaissance palace better befitting the Holy Roman Emperor in the revolutionary Mannerist style influenced by humanist philosophy in direct juxtaposition with the Nasrid Andalusian architecture, but it was ultimately never completed due to Morisco rebellions in Granada.
阿爾罕布拉宮坐落在西班牙安達盧西亞地區的格拉納達，是一座結合了宮殿與城堡的建築。它由納斯瑞德王朝第一任埃米爾（國王）穆罕默德一世（Muhammad I Ibn al-Ahmar）在公元 1238 年建成。這座宮殿建在薩比卡山上，這是內華達山脈一處突出的山岩，同時也是早期城堡和 11 世紀塞繆爾·伊本·納格里拉（Samuel ibn Naghrillah）的宮殿舊址所在。後來納斯瑞德的統治者一直在改建這些房屋。最重要的建設活動發生在 14 世紀優素福一世和穆罕默德五世的統治期間，賦予了科瑪萊斯宮（桃金娘庭院）和獅子中庭最顯要的特徵。在公元 1492 年復國運動結束後，阿爾罕布拉宮成爲費迪南德和伊莎貝拉的宮廷，一些宮殿被部分地改建成文藝復興風格。公元 1526 年，西班牙的查理一世委託修建一座新的文藝復興風格宮殿。這座宮殿帶有受人文主義哲學影響的革命性矯飾主義的風格，更適合神聖羅馬帝國。同時，它也與納斯瑞德王朝的安達盧西亞建築並存。然而，由於格拉納達爆發的莫里斯科叛亂，這座宮殿最終並沒有完工。
Alhambra's last flowering of Islamic palaces was built for the final Muslim emirs in Spain during the decline of the Nasrid dynasty, who were increasingly subject to the Christian kings of Castile. After being allowed to fall into disrepair for centuries, the buildings occupied by squatters, Alhambra was rediscovered following the defeat of Napoleon I, who had conducted retaliatory destruction of the site. The rediscoverers were first British intellectuals and then other northern European Romantic travelers. It is now one of Spain's major tourist attractions, exhibiting the country's most significant and well-known Islamic architecture, together with 16th-century and later Christian building and garden interventions. The Alhambra is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
作爲一座伊斯蘭宮殿，阿爾罕布拉宮最後的輝煌來自於西班牙末代穆斯林國王的建設。伴隨着納斯瑞德王朝的衰落，他最終臣服於卡斯蒂利亞的基督教國王。經歷數個世紀的荒廢后，阿宮的建築變得破敗不堪，被一些流民所佔據。隨着拿破崙一世在西班牙的勝利，阿宮遭受了其報復性的破壞，也因此重新被世人發現。首先是英國的知識分子發現了阿宮，隨後是北歐浪漫主義旅行者的關注。如今，阿宮是西班牙的主要景點之一，展示着這個國家最重要、最知名的伊斯蘭建築，除此之外，還包括了 16 世紀及後期基督教建築和花園。阿爾罕布拉宮同時也是聯合國教科文組織認定的世界文化遺產。
Moorish poets described it as "a pearl set in emeralds", an allusion to the colour of its buildings and the woods around them. The palace complex was designed with the mountainous site in mind and many forms of technology were considered. The park (Alameda de la Alhambra), which is overgrown with wildflowers and grass in the spring, was planted by the Moors with roses, oranges, and myrtles; its most characteristic feature, however, is the dense wood of English elms brought by the Duke of Wellington in 1812. The park has a multitude of nightingales and is usually filled with the sound of running water from several fountains and cascades. These are supplied through a conduit 8 km long, which is connected with the Darro at the monastery of Jesus del Valle above Granada.
摩爾人的詩將阿宮描繪爲「翡翠上的珍珠」，作爲對其建築顏色和周圍樹木的隱喻。宮殿的設計考慮了山地的選址以及各種技術的運用。摩爾人在春天長滿野花和綠草的花園裏種上了玫瑰、橘樹和桃金娘。而其中最有特色的，是惠靈頓公爵在 1812 年帶來的英國榆樹，如今已長得頗爲濃密。棲息着大量夜鶯的花園，沉浸在噴泉和小瀑布帶來的潺潺流水中。一條長達 8 公里的水渠在 Jesus del Valle 修道院與達羅河相連，爲宮殿花園輸送着源源不斷的水流。
Despite long neglect, willful vandalism, and some ill-judged restoration, the Alhambra endures as an atypical example of Muslim art in its final European stages, relatively uninfluenced by the direct Byzantine influences found in the Mezquita of Córdoba. Most of the palace buildings are quadrangular in plan, with all the rooms opening on to a central court, and the whole reached its present size simply by the gradual addition of new quadrangles, designed on the same principle, though varying in dimensions, and connected with each other by smaller rooms and passages. Alhambra was extended by the different Muslim rulers who lived in the complex. However, each new section that was added followed the consistent theme of "paradise on earth". Column arcades, fountains with running water, and reflecting pools were used to add to the aesthetic and functional complexity. In every case, the exterior was left plain and austere. Sun and wind were freely admitted. Blue, red, and a golden yellow, all somewhat faded through lapse of time and exposure, are the colors chiefly employed. The name Alhambra means the red one or the red castle, which refers to the sun-dried bricks that the outer wall is made of.
儘管遭受了長期的忽視，故意的破壞以及一些輕率的修復，阿爾罕布拉宮在歸屬於歐洲文明之後仍然以穆斯林藝術爲主要特徵，而沒有像科爾多瓦主座教堂那樣直接受到拜占庭藝術的影響，這是一個非常特殊的例子。大部分宮殿建築都設計成方形的，所有房間都朝中央庭院開門。新建的方形庭院逐漸增多，儘管它們大小不一，但都依據同樣的設計原則，通過一些小房間和走廊連接起來。阿宮由此形成今天的規模。阿宮的擴建由住在其中的不同穆斯林國王完成。而每一個新建的部分都遵循着始終如一的主題：「建立地上的天國」。圓柱拱廊、源於活水的噴泉，以及鏡面一般的水池，都被用來增加藝術與功能上的複雜性。在每一個建築中，房屋外表都保持着平滑、簡潔的樣貌。陽光和風可以自由地進入室內。藍色、紅色以及泛着金光的黃色是阿宮主要使用的顏色，隨着時間的流逝和長期的風吹日曬，它們或多或少出現了一些褪色。「阿爾罕布拉」這個名字意爲「紅色的城堡」，正是源於砌築外牆所用的曬乾的磚。
The decoration consists for the upper part of the walls, as a rule, of Arabic inscriptions—mostly poems by Ibn Zamrak and others praising the palace—that are manipulated into geometrical patterns with vegetal background set onto an arabesque setting ("Ataurique"). Much of this ornament is carved stucco (plaster) rather than stone. Tile mosaics ("alicatado"), with complicated mathematical patterns ("tracería", most precisely "lacería"), are largely used as panelling for the lower part. Metal was not utilized much. Similar designs are displayed on wooden ceilings (Alfarje). Muqarnas are the main elements for vaulting with stucco, and some of the most accomplished dome examples of this kind are in the Court of the Lions halls. The palace complex is designed in the Nasrid style, the last blooming of Islamic art in the Iberian Peninsula, that had a great influence on the Maghreb to the present day, and on contemporary Mudejar art, which is characteristic of western elements reinterpreted into Islamic forms and widely popular during the Reconquista in Spain.
牆體上部的裝飾通常是阿拉伯銘文——大部分是伊本·扎姆拉克和其他詩人讚美宮殿的詩句，它們被處理成帶有植物背景的幾何紋飾，裝飾在阿拉伯花飾之上。大部分的裝飾爲灰泥雕刻而非石雕。帶有複雜數學形式的馬賽克瓷磚被大量用於裝飾牆體下部。金屬在裝飾中不太用得到。類似的設計還被用於木製天花板。穆卡納斯（muqarnas，一種伊斯蘭拱頂裝飾）是灰泥拱頂結構的主要元素，獅子中庭擁有一些運用了這種裝飾的精緻拱頂。整座宮殿具有強烈的納斯瑞德王朝風格，這是伊斯蘭藝術在伊比利亞半島上最後的輝煌。在北非的馬格利布地區，它的深刻影響一直延續到今日。阿宮也影響了後來的穆德哈爾藝術（Mudejar，指西班牙復國運動之後未曾離開該國但也未改信的安達盧斯穆斯林），它的特色在於用伊斯蘭形式重新表現西方的藝術元素，這在西班牙復國運動中曾非常流行。