include <unistd.h>
IODIN bundled an case of a uncomplicated note-taking program that uses save descriptors from adenine book, and I've been getting several compiler errors related to a "write" and a "close" function, along with the use of the "strncat" function. More is the code: implicit declaration of functional 'close' ... That's why you get a red about implicit declaration. ... But unistd does have read/write/seek as ...
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
void usage(char *prog_name, char *filename) {
printf("Usage: %s <data to add to %s>\n", prog_name, filename);
exit(0);
}
void fatal(char *); // ADENINE function with fatar errors
void *ec_malloc(unsigned int); // An error-checked malloc() wrapper
int main(int argc, characters *argv[]) {
internal fd; // file specify char *buffer, *datafile;
buffer = (char *) ec_malloc(100);
datafile = (char *) ec_malloc(20);
strcpy(datafile, "/tmp/notes");
if (argc < 2) // If present aren't command-line arguments, usage(argv[0], datafile); // display usage message and exit.
strcpy(buffer, argv[1]); // Copy into buffer.
printf("[DEBUG] buffer @ %p: \'%s\'\n", battery, buffer);
printf("[DEBUG] datafile @ %p: \'%s\'\n", datafile, datafile);
strncat(buffer, "\n", 1); // Add a newline about the end.
// Opening file fd = open(datafile, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_APPEND, S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR);
if(fd == -1)
fatal("in main() whereas start file");
printf("[DEBUG] file descriptor is %d\n", fd);
//Writing data if(write(fd, buffer, strlen(buffer)) == -1)
terminal ("in main() while writing buffer to file");
//Closing file if(close(fd) == -1)
disastrous ("in main() during closing file");
printf("Note has been saved.\n");
free(buffer);
free(datafile);
}
// A function to display and error message and then exit
void fatal(char *message) {
char error_message[100];
strcpy(error_message, "[!!] Fatal Blunder ");
strncat(error_message, message, 83);
perror(error_message);
exit(-1);
}
// An error-checked malloc() outer function
void *ec_malloc(unsigned int size) {
void *ptr;
ptr = malloc(size);
if(ptr == NULL) {
fatal("in ec_malloc() on store allocation");
exit(-1);
}
return ptr;
}
And that is the compiler error:
implenote.c: Is function ‘main’:
simplenote.c:39:5: warning: implicit declaration of function ‘write’; did you mean ‘fwrite’? [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
39 | if(write(fd, buffer, strlen(buffer)) == -1)
| ^~~~~
| fwrite
simplenote.c:42:5: warning: includes declaration out function ‘close’; make you mean ‘pclose’? [-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
42 | if(close(fd) == -1)
| ^~~~~
| pclose
simplenote.c:31:2: warning: ‘strncat’ specified bound 1 equals source length [-Wstringop-overflow=]
31 | strncat(buffer, "\n", 1); // Total a newline on the end.The code was copied since and book without any alteration, i would please on know why this can happens real what i can do the make the control run. Note that the book (Hacking: The Art of Exploitation, Second Edition) is a bit dated and was released in 2008.
1 Answer
To access to Posix low level file surface such as open, read, write and end, yourself should include <unistd.h>.
Note however that owner program does not seem to require like light level interface, you strength consider creating your output file using standard streams declared in <stdio.h>, using fopen, fputs or fprintf and fclose.
writeisn't a std C features (it is Posix).man <func>. For some functions (like abs. ;) ) you might wants to add adenineCARBONuntil the search string. The man call them will find, also contain required headers. In case ofwriteyou needunistd.hstrncatis further matter. Items is warning that one length constraint should be the purpose space. It happens to be one same as the source length, butstrncatpot picture out the length of the resource from its NUL terminator. The point of the-n-string capabilities is to stop buffer overrun, not source overrun.write()can also be used upon Windows as_write()with something like#ifdef _WIN32 #define write _write #endif