Vulkan_Shader_Day06—光照（多光源_Multiple lights）

多光源_Multiple lights

我們在前面的教程中已經學習了許多關於Vulkan中光照的知識，其中包括馮氏着色(Phong Shading)、材質(Material)、光照貼圖(Lighting Map)以及不同種類的投光物(Light Caster)。在這一節中，我們將結合之前學過的所有知識，創建一個包含六個光源的場景。我們將模擬一個類似太陽的定向光(Directional Light)光源，四個分散在場景中的點光源(Point Light)，以及一個手電筒(Flashlight)。

爲了在場景中使用多個光源，我們希望將光照計算封裝到GLSL函數中。這樣做的原因是，每一種光源都需要一種不同的計算方法，而一旦我們想對多個光源進行光照計算時，代碼很快就會變得非常複雜。如果我們只在main函數中進行所有的這些計算，代碼很快就會變得難以理解。

GLSL中的函數和C函數很相似，它有一個函數名、一個返回值類型，如果函數不是在main函數之前聲明的，我們還必須在代碼文件頂部聲明一個原型。我們對每個光照類型都創建一個不同的函數：定向光、點光源和聚光。

當我們在場景中使用多個光源時，通常使用以下方法：我們需要有一個單獨的顏色向量代表片段的輸出顏色。對於每一個光源，它對片段的貢獻顏色將會加到片段的輸出顏色向量上。所以場景中的每個光源都會計算它們各自對片段的影響，並結合爲一個最終的輸出顏色。大體的結構會像是這樣：

void main() {

	// 將定向光的貢獻加到輸出中
	vec3 dirLight = CalcDirLight();
	// 對所有的點光源也做相同的事情
	vec3 pointLight = CalcPointLight();
	// 也加上其它的光源（比如聚光）
	vec3 spotLight = CalculateSpotLight();
	
	vec3 result =dirLight + pointLight + spotLight;

	FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}

實際的代碼對每一種實現都可能不同，但大體的結構都是差不多的。我們定義了幾個函數，用來計算每個光源的影響，並將最終的結果顏色加到輸出顏色向量上。例如，如果兩個光源都很靠近一個片段，那麼它們所結合的貢獻將會形成一個比單個光源照亮時更加明亮的片段。
首先 我們更新幾個光照數據以便於教程運行效果：

glm::vec3 baseLight = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 lightPos= glm::vec3(0.0f, -3.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 lightDir = glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 flashColor = glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);

一、定向光

和C/C++一樣，如果我們想調用一個函數（這裏是在main函數中調用），這個函數需要在調用者的行數之前被定義過。在這個例子中我們更喜歡在main函數以下定義函數，所以上面要求就不滿足了。所以，我們需要在main函數之上定義函數的原型，這和C語言中是一樣的。
首先，我們將一些通用的函數及定義提成全部作用域下：

vec3 lightAmbient  = vec3( 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f);
vec3 lightDiffuse  = vec3( 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
vec3 lightSpecular = vec3( 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f);
float constant = 1.0f;
float linear =  0.09f;
float quadratic = 0.032f;
float distance = length(lightPos - fragPos);
float attenuation = 1.0 / (constant + linear * distance +  quadratic * (distance * distance));

在片元着色器中添加計算平行光代碼：

//平行光
vec3 CalcDirLight()
{
	vec3 norm = normalize(fragNormal);
    vec3 lightDir = normalize(-lightDirect);
    // 漫反射着色
    float diff =  max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
    // 鏡面光着色
    vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
    float spec = pow(max(dot(normalize(viewPos - fragPos), reflectDir), 0.0), m_shininess);
    // 合併結果
    vec3 ambient  = lightAmbient  * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    vec3 diffuse  = lightDiffuse  * diff * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    vec3 specular = lightSpecular * spec * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    return (ambient + diffuse + specular) * fragBaseLight;
}

我們基本上只是從上一節中複製了代碼。最終環境光、漫反射和鏡面光的貢獻將會合併爲單個顏色向量返回。
main中只添加運行定向光，可以看到：

二、點光源

在片元着色器中添加點光源計算函數：

//點光源
vec3 CalcPointLight()
{
    vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - fragPos);
    // 漫反射着色
	vec3 normal = normalize(fragNormal);
    float diff = max(dot(normal, lightDir), 0.0);
    // 鏡面光着色
    vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
    float spec = pow(max(dot(normalize(viewPos - fragPos), reflectDir), 0.0), m_shininess);
    // 合併結果
    vec3 ambient  = vec3( 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f) * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    vec3 diffuse  = vec3( 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f) * diff * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    vec3 specular = vec3( 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f) * spec * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    ambient  *= attenuation;
    diffuse  *= attenuation;
    specular *= attenuation;
    return (ambient + diffuse + specular);
}

在main函數中添加點光源效果，運行可見：

三、聚光燈

在片元着色器中添加一個聚光計算函數：

vec3 CalculateSpotLight(){ 
	 // Ambient Lighting
    vec3 ambient = ambientStrength * fragBaseLight * lightAmbient ;
	 
	// Diffuse Lighting
	vec3 norm = normalize(fragNormal);
    vec3 lightDir = normalize(flashPos - fragPos);
	float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
    vec3 diffuse = diff * flashColor * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
	 
	// Specular Lighting
	vec3 viewDir = normalize(flashPos - fragPos);
    vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
	float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), m_shininess);
    vec3 specular = spec * flashColor * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));

	// spotlight (soft edges)
	float theta = dot(viewDir, normalize(-flashDir));
    float epsilon = (flashCutOff - outerCutOff);
    float intensity = clamp((theta - outerCutOff) / epsilon, 0.0, 1.0);
	// 將不對環境光做出影響，讓它總是能有一點光
    diffuse  *= intensity;
    specular *= intensity;
	// attenuation
	distance = length(flashPos - fragPos);
    attenuation = 1.0 / (constant + linear * distance +  quadratic * (distance * distance));
	return ambient + (diffuse + specular) * attenuation ;
}

編譯運行，可以看到：

您也可以改變其他的一些光照參數，嘗試不同的效果。

附：源碼

頂點着色器

#version 450
#extension GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects : enable

layout(binding = 0) uniform UniformBufferObject {
    mat4 model;
    mat4 view;
    mat4 proj;
	vec3 baseLight;
	float ambientStrength;
	vec3 lightPos;
	float specularStrength ;
	vec3 viewPos;
	vec3 lightDirect;
	vec3 flashColor;
	vec3 flashPos;
	float outerCutOff;
	vec3 flashDir;
	float flashCutOff ;
} ubo;

layout(location = 0) in vec3 inPosition;
layout(location = 1) in vec3 inColor;
layout(location = 2) in vec3 inNormal;
layout(location = 3) in vec2 inTexCoord;
layout(location = 4) in vec3 inM_ambient;
layout(location = 5) in vec3 inM_diffuse;
layout(location = 6) in vec3 inM_specular;
layout(location = 7) in float inM_shininess;

layout(location = 0) out vec3 fragColor;
layout(location = 1) out vec3 fragNormal;
layout(location = 2) out vec2 fragTexCoord;
layout(location = 3) out vec3 fragBaseLight;
layout(location = 4) out float ambientStrength;
layout(location = 5) out vec3 lightPos;
layout(location = 6) out vec3 fragPos;
layout(location = 7) out float specularStrength;
layout(location = 8) out vec3 viewPos;
//Material
layout(location = 9) out vec3 m_ambient;
layout(location = 10) out vec3 m_diffuse;
layout(location = 11) out vec3 m_specular;
layout(location = 12) out float m_shininess;
layout(location = 13) out vec3 lightDirect;
layout(location = 14) out vec3 flashPos;
layout(location = 15) out vec3 flashDir;
layout(location = 16) out float flashCutOff;
layout(location = 17) out float outerCutOff;
layout(location = 18) out vec3 flashColor;

layout(push_constant) uniform PushConsts {
	vec3 objPos;
} pushConsts;

void main() {
    gl_Position = ubo.proj * ubo.view * ubo.model * vec4(inPosition + pushConsts.objPos, 1.0);
	fragPos =vec3( ubo.model * vec4(inPosition+ pushConsts.objPos, 1.0));;
    fragColor = inColor;
    fragNormal = mat3(transpose(inverse(ubo.model))) *inNormal;
	fragTexCoord = inTexCoord;
	fragBaseLight = ubo.baseLight;
	ambientStrength= ubo.ambientStrength;
	lightPos=ubo.lightPos;
	specularStrength=ubo.specularStrength;
	viewPos=ubo.viewPos;
	m_ambient = inM_ambient;
	m_diffuse = inM_diffuse;
	m_specular = inM_specular;
	m_shininess = inM_shininess;
	lightDirect= ubo.lightDirect;
	flashPos= ubo.flashPos;
	flashDir= ubo.flashDir;
	flashCutOff= ubo.flashCutOff;
	outerCutOff= ubo.outerCutOff;
	flashColor= ubo.flashColor;
}

片元着色器

#version 450
#extension GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects : enable

layout(binding = 1) uniform sampler2D texSampler;

layout(location = 0) in vec3 fragColor;
layout(location = 1) in vec3 fragNormal;
layout(location = 2) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
layout(location = 3) in vec3 fragBaseLight;
layout(location = 4) in float ambientStrength;
layout(location = 5) in vec3 lightPos;
layout(location = 6) in vec3 fragPos;
layout(location = 7) in float specularStrength;
layout(location = 8) in vec3 viewPos;
//Material
layout(location = 9) in vec3 m_ambient;
layout(location = 10) in vec3 m_diffuse;
layout(location = 11) in vec3 m_specular;
layout(location = 12) in float m_shininess;
layout(location = 13) in vec3 lightDirect;
layout(location = 14) in vec3 flashPos;
layout(location = 15) in vec3 flashDir;
layout(location = 16) in float flashCutOff;
layout(location = 17) in float outerCutOff;
layout(location = 18) in vec3 flashColor;

layout(location = 0) out vec4  FragColor;

vec3 lightAmbient  = vec3( 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f);
vec3 lightDiffuse  = vec3( 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
vec3 lightSpecular = vec3( 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f);
float constant = 1.0f;
float linear =  0.09f;
float quadratic = 0.032f;
float distance = length(lightPos - fragPos);
float attenuation = 1.0 / (constant + linear * distance +  quadratic * (distance * distance));

//平行光
vec3 CalcDirLight()
{
	vec3 norm = normalize(fragNormal);
    vec3 lightDir = normalize(-lightDirect);
    // 漫反射着色
    float diff =  max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
    // 鏡面光着色
    vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
    float spec = pow(max(dot(normalize(viewPos - fragPos), reflectDir), 0.0), m_shininess);
    // 合併結果
    vec3 ambient  = lightAmbient  * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    vec3 diffuse  = lightDiffuse  * diff * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    vec3 specular = lightSpecular * spec * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    return (ambient + diffuse + specular) * fragBaseLight;
}

//點光源
vec3 CalcPointLight()
{
    vec3 lightDir = normalize(lightPos - fragPos);
    // 漫反射着色
	vec3 normal = normalize(fragNormal);
    float diff = max(dot(normal, lightDir), 0.0);
    // 鏡面光着色
    vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, normal);
    float spec = pow(max(dot(normalize(viewPos - fragPos), reflectDir), 0.0), m_shininess);
    // 合併結果
    vec3 ambient  = vec3( 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f) * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    vec3 diffuse  = vec3( 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f) * diff * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    vec3 specular = vec3( 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f) * spec * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
    ambient  *= attenuation;
    diffuse  *= attenuation;
    specular *= attenuation;
    return (ambient + diffuse + specular);
}

//聚光燈
vec3 CalculateSpotLight(){ 
	 // Ambient Lighting
    vec3 ambient = ambientStrength * fragBaseLight * lightAmbient ;
	 
	// Diffuse Lighting
	vec3 norm = normalize(fragNormal);
    vec3 lightDir = normalize(flashPos - fragPos);
	float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
    vec3 diffuse = diff * flashColor * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));
	 
	// Specular Lighting
	vec3 viewDir = normalize(flashPos - fragPos);
    vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
	float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), m_shininess);
    vec3 specular = spec * flashColor * vec3(texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord));

	// spotlight (soft edges)
	float theta = dot(viewDir, normalize(-flashDir));
    float epsilon = (flashCutOff - outerCutOff);
    float intensity = clamp((theta - outerCutOff) / epsilon, 0.0, 1.0);
	// 將不對環境光做出影響，讓它總是能有一點光
    diffuse  *= intensity;
    specular *= intensity;
	// attenuation
	distance = length(flashPos - fragPos);
    attenuation = 1.0 / (constant + linear * distance +  quadratic * (distance * distance));
	return ambient + (diffuse + specular) * attenuation ;
}

void main() {

	// 將定向光的貢獻加到輸出中
	vec3 dirLight = CalcDirLight();
	// 對所有的點光源也做相同的事情
	vec3 pointLight = CalcPointLight();
	// 也加上其它的光源（比如聚光）
	vec3 spotLight = CalculateSpotLight();
	
	vec3 result =dirLight + pointLight + spotLight;

	FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
}

主程序代碼

//shader 6_Multiple lights.cpp
#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb/stb_image.h>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>

#define TINYOBJLOADER_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <tiny/tiny_obj_loader.h>

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <set>
#include <array>
#include <algorithm>
#include <chrono>
#include <unordered_map>

#include "Camera.h"

const int WIDTH = 800;
const int HEIGHT = 600;
const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

//鼠標移動位置記錄
float lastX= WIDTH / 2, lastY = HEIGHT / 2;
//縮放視野
float fov = 45.0f;
bool firstMouse = true;

//環境光
float ambientStrength = 0.1f;
float specularStrength = 0.8f;//鏡面強度
glm::vec3 baseLight = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 lightPos= glm::vec3(0.0f, -3.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 lightDir = glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
glm::vec3 flashColor = glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
	"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
	VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
};

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) {
	auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
	if (func != nullptr) {
		return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
	}
	else {
		return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
	}
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
	auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
	if (func != nullptr) {
		func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
	}
}

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
	uint32_t graphicsFamily = -1;
	uint32_t presentFamily = -1;

	bool isComplete() {
		return graphicsFamily >= 0 && presentFamily >= 0;
	}
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
	std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
	std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

struct Vertex {
	glm::vec3 pos;
	glm::vec3 color;
	glm::vec3 normal;
	glm::vec2 texCoord;
	//Material 
	glm::vec3 m_ambient;
	glm::vec3 m_diffuse;
	glm::vec3 m_specular;
	float m_shininess;

	//綁定描述
	static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {
		VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};
		bindingDescription.binding = 0;
		bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
		bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

		return bindingDescription;
	}

	//屬性描述
	static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 8> getAttributeDescriptions() {
		std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 8> attributeDescriptions = {};

		attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);

		attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
		attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

		attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2;
		attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, normal);

		attributeDescriptions[3].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[3].location = 3;
		attributeDescriptions[3].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[3].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);

		attributeDescriptions[4].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[4].location = 4;
		attributeDescriptions[4].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[4].offset = offsetof(Vertex, m_ambient);

		attributeDescriptions[5].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[5].location = 5;
		attributeDescriptions[5].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[5].offset = offsetof(Vertex, m_diffuse);

		attributeDescriptions[6].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[6].location = 6;
		attributeDescriptions[6].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[6].offset = offsetof(Vertex, m_specular);

		attributeDescriptions[7].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[7].location = 7;
		attributeDescriptions[7].format = VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[7].offset = offsetof(Vertex, m_shininess);

		return attributeDescriptions;
	}

	bool operator==(const Vertex& other) const {
		return pos == other.pos && color == other.color && texCoord == other.texCoord;
	}
};

namespace std {
	template<> struct hash<Vertex> {
		size_t operator()(Vertex const& vertex) const {
			return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^ (hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >> 1) ^ (hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
		}
	};
}

struct UniformBufferObject {
	 glm::mat4 model;
	 glm::mat4 view;
	 glm::mat4 proj;
	 glm::vec3 baseLight;
	 float ambientStrength;
	 glm::vec3 lightPos;
	 float specularStrength;
	 glm::vec3 viewPos;
	 float foo1 = 0.0f;
	 glm::vec3 lightDirect;
	 float foo2 = 0.0f;
	 glm::vec3 flashColor;
	 float foo3 = 0.0f;
	 glm::vec3 flashPos;
	 float outerCutOff;
	 glm::vec3 flashDir;
	 float flashCutOff ;
};

std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
std::vector<uint32_t> indices;
// positions all containers
glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
	glm::vec3(0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f),
	glm::vec3(2.0f,  5.0f, -15.0f),
	glm::vec3(-1.5f, -2.2f, -2.5f),
	glm::vec3(-3.8f, -2.0f, -12.3f),
	glm::vec3(2.4f, -0.4f, -3.5f),
	glm::vec3(-1.7f,  3.0f, -7.5f),
	glm::vec3(1.3f, -2.0f, -2.5f),
	glm::vec3(1.5f,  2.0f, -2.5f),
	glm::vec3(1.5f,  0.2f, -1.5f),
	glm::vec3(-1.3f,  1.0f, -1.5f)
};

//glm::vec3 cubePositions[] = {
//	glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
//	glm::vec3(2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f),
//	glm::vec3(0.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f),
//	glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 6.0f)
//};

VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
//Camera camera(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 2.5f, 8.0f), glm::radians(-15.0f), glm::radians(180.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));

void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
	if (fov >= 1.0f && fov <= 45.0f)
		fov -= yoffset;
	if (fov <= 1.0f)
		fov = 1.0f;
	if (fov >= 45.0f)
		fov = 45.0f;
}

void processInput(GLFWwindow* window) {
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
	}

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		camera.speedZ = 1.0f;
	}
	else if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		camera.speedZ = -1.0f;
	}
	else {
		camera.speedZ = 0.0f;
	}

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		camera.speedX = -1.0f;
	}
	else if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		camera.speedX = 1.0f;
	}
	else {
		camera.speedX = 0.0f;
	}

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_Q) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		camera.speedY = 1.0f;
	}
	else if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_E) == GLFW_PRESS) {
		camera.speedY = -1.0f;
	}
	else {
		camera.speedY = 0.0f;
	}
}

void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xPos, double yPos) {
	if (firstMouse){
		lastX = xPos;
		lastY = yPos;
		firstMouse = false;
	}
	float deltaX, deltaY;
	deltaX = xPos - lastX;
	deltaY = yPos - lastY;
	lastX = xPos;
	lastY = yPos;
	camera.ProcessMouseMovement(deltaX, deltaY);
}

class HelloTriangleApplication {
public:
	void run() {
		initWindow();
		initVulkan();
		mainLoop();
		cleanup();
	}

private:
	GLFWwindow* window;

	VkInstance instance;
	VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
	VkSurfaceKHR surface;

	VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	VkSampleCountFlagBits msaaSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	VkDevice device;

	VkQueue graphicsQueue;
	VkQueue presentQueue;

	VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
	std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
	VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
	VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;

	std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;

	VkRenderPass renderPass;
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
	VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;
	std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;

	VkCommandPool commandPool;
	std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

	VkSemaphore imageAvailableSemaphore;
	VkSemaphore renderFinishedSemaphore;

	std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;
	std::vector<VkFence> imagesInFlight;
	size_t currentFrame = 0;

	VkDeviceMemory textureImageMemory;
	VkImageView textureImageView;//保存紋理圖像
	VkSampler textureSampler;//創建採樣器

	//VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
	//VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
	VkBuffer indexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory;
	VkBuffer uniformBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory uniformBufferMemory;

	VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool;
	VkDescriptorSet descriptorSet;

	VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;

	VkImage colorImage;
	VkDeviceMemory colorImageMemory;
	VkImageView colorImageView;

	VkImage depthImage;
	VkDeviceMemory depthImageMemory;
	VkImageView depthImageView;

	uint32_t mipLevels;//Mip鏈
	VkImage textureImage;

	void initWindow() {
		glfwInit();

		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
		//glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);

		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan_Shader_Day06--Multiple lights", nullptr, nullptr);

		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		//glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
		glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);//禁用鼠標懸浮
		glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);//註冊鍵盤輸入
		glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback); //註冊鼠標滾輪
		glfwSetWindowSizeCallback(window, HelloTriangleApplication::onWindowResized);
	}

	void initVulkan() {
		createInstance();
		setupDebugMessenger();
		createSurface();
		pickPhysicalDevice();
		createLogicalDevice();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createDescriptorSetLayout();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		createCommandPool();
		createColorResources();
		createDepthResources();
		createFramebuffers();
		createTextureImage();
		createTextureImageView();
		createTextureSampler();
		//loadModel();
		loadCube();
		createVertexBuffer();
		createIndexBuffer();
		createUniformBuffer();
		createDescriptorPool();
		createDescriptorSet();
		createCommandBuffers();
		createSemaphores();
	}

	void mainLoop() {
		while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
			glfwPollEvents();
			processInput(window);
			updateUniformBuffer();
			drawFrame();
			camera.UpdataCameraPosition();
		}

		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
	}

	void cleanup() {
		cleanupSwapChain();
		vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImageView(device, textureImageView, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, textureImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, textureImageMemory, nullptr);
		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);
		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBufferMemory, nullptr);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

		vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
		vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

		glfwDestroyWindow(window);

		glfwTerminate();
	}

	void updateUniformBuffer() {
		static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		auto currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		float time = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(currentTime - startTime).count() / 1000.0f;

		UniformBufferObject ubo = {};
		ubo.ambientStrength = ambientStrength;
		ubo.baseLight =  baseLight;
		ubo.lightPos = lightPos;
		ubo.lightDirect = lightDir;
		ubo.specularStrength = specularStrength;
		ubo.viewPos = camera.Position;
		ubo.flashPos = camera.Position;
		ubo.flashDir = camera.Forward;
		ubo.flashCutOff = glm::cos(glm::radians(12.5f));
		ubo.outerCutOff = glm::cos(glm::radians(14.5f));
		ubo.flashColor = flashColor;

		//ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));

		ubo.view = camera.GetViewMatrix();

		ubo.proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(fov), swapChainExtent.width / (float)swapChainExtent.height, 0.1f, 100.0f);

		ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, uniformBufferMemory, 0, sizeof(ubo), 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformBufferMemory);
	}

	void drawFrame() {
		vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

		uint32_t imageIndex;
		VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
			recreateSwapChain();
			return;
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
		}

		if (imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &imagesInFlight[imageIndex], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
		}
		imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = inFlightFences[currentFrame];

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

		VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] };
		VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
		submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
		submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;

		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

		VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] };
		submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

		if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
		}

		VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {};
		presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

		presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
		presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;

		presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

		result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
			recreateSwapChain();
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
		}

		currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
	}

	static void onWindowResized(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
		if (width == 0 || height == 0) return;

		HelloTriangleApplication* app = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->recreateSwapChain();
	}

	void cleanupSwapChain() {
		
		vkDestroyImageView(device, colorImageView, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, colorImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, colorImageMemory, nullptr);

		vkDestroyImageView(device, depthImageView, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, depthImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, depthImageMemory, nullptr);

		for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {
			vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
		}

		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());

		vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

		for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
			vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
	}

	void recreateSwapChain() {
		int width = 0, height = 0;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
		while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			glfwWaitEvents();
		}

		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

		cleanupSwapChain();

		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		createColorResources();
		createDepthResources();
		createFramebuffers();
		createCommandBuffers();
	}

	void createInstance() {
		if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
		}

		VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
		appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
		appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
		appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
		appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

		VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

		auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

			populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
			createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

			createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
		}

		if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
		}
	}

	void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
		createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
		createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
	}

	void setupDebugMessenger() {
		if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
		populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

		if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
		}
	}

	void createImageViews() {
		swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 1);
		}
	}

	VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspectFlags, uint32_t mipLevels) {
		VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo = {};
		viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
		viewInfo.image = image;
		viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		viewInfo.format = format;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectFlags;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

		VkImageView imageView;
		if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture image view!");
		}

		return imageView;
	}

	void createSurface() {
		if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
		}
	}

	void pickPhysicalDevice() {
		uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

		if (deviceCount == 0) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
		}

		std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

		for (const auto& device : devices) {
			if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
				physicalDevice = device;
				msaaSamples = getMaxUsableSampleCount();
				break;
			}
		}

		if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}
	}

	void createLogicalDevice() {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
		std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily, indices.presentFamily };
		float queuePriority = 1.0f;
		for (int queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
			VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
			queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
			queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
			queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
			queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
			queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
		}

		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {};
		deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;
		//deviceFeatures.sampleRateShading = VK_TRUE; // enable sample shading feature for the device

		VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

		createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
		createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());

		createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
		}

		if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
		}

		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily, 0, &graphicsQueue);
		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily, 0, &presentQueue);
	}

	void createSwapChain() {
		SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

		VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
		VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
		VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

		uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
		if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
			imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
		}

		VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
		createInfo.surface = surface;

		createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
		createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
		createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
		createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
		createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { (uint32_t)indices.graphicsFamily, (uint32_t)indices.presentFamily };

		if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0; // Optional
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr; // Optional
		}

		createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
		createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
		createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
		createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
		createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

		if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
		}

		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
		swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());
		swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		swapChainExtent = extent;
	}

	bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);
		bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

		bool swapChainAdequate = false;
		if (extensionsSupported) {
			SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
			swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
		}
		//各向異性濾波器
		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &supportedFeatures);
		return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate&& supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
	}

	VkSampleCountFlagBits getMaxUsableSampleCount() {
		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties physicalDeviceProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &physicalDeviceProperties);

		VkSampleCountFlags counts = physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferColorSampleCounts & physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferDepthSampleCounts;
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT; }

		return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	}

	void createRenderPass() {
		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
		colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		colorAttachment.samples = msaaSamples;//多重採樣
		colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		//我們已經將finalLayout從VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR修改爲VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL。
		//這是因爲多采樣圖像不能直接呈現。我們首先需要將它們解析爲一個常規圖像。這個要求不適用於深度緩衝區，因爲它在任何時候都不會顯示。因此，我們只需要添加一個新的顏色附件，即所謂的解析附件
		colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment = {};
		depthAttachment.format = findDepthFormat();
		depthAttachment.samples = msaaSamples;//多重採樣
		depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		depthAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		//添加一個新的顏色附件
		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachmentResolve = {};
		colorAttachmentResolve.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		colorAttachmentResolve.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		colorAttachmentResolve.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		colorAttachmentResolve.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
		colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
		colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef = {};
		depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
		depthAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		//創建一個新的附件引用，指向作爲解析目標的顏色緩衝區
		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentResolveRef = {};
		colorAttachmentResolveRef.attachment = 2;
		colorAttachmentResolveRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
		subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
		subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef;
		subpass.pResolveAttachments = &colorAttachmentResolveRef;//讓渲染通道定義一個多采樣解析操作，讓我們渲染圖像到屏幕

		std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 3> attachments = { colorAttachment, depthAttachment, colorAttachmentResolve };
		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
		VkSubpassDependency dependency = {};
		dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
		dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
		dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
		renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

		if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
		}
	}

	VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
		VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.codeSize = code.size();

		createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());

		VkShaderModule shaderModule;
		if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
		}
		return shaderModule;
	}

	static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
		std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

		if (!file.is_open()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
		}
		size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
		std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);
		file.seekg(0);
		file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);
		file.close();
		return buffer;
	}

	void createSemaphores() {
		imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);

		VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = {};
		semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

		VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = {};
		fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
		fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
			}
		}
	}

	void createCommandBuffers() {
		commandBuffers.resize(swapChainFramebuffers.size());
		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size();

		if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) {
			VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
			beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
			beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT;
			beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; // Optional

			vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo);

			VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo = {};
			renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
			renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i];

			renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 };
			renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

			//因爲我們現在有多個帶 VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR 的附件，我們還需要指定多個清除值
			std::array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues = {};
			clearValues[0].color = { 0.1f, 0.1f, 0.3f, 0.5f };
			clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

			renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
			renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			//渲染期間綁定緩衝區
			vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);

			VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
			VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
			//綁定頂點緩衝區
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffers[i], 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

			vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffers[i], indexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);

			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSet, 0, nullptr);
			for (size_t j = 0; j < 10; j++)
			{
				glm::vec3 pos = cubePositions[j];
				vkCmdPushConstants(commandBuffers[i], pipelineLayout, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0, sizeof(glm::vec3), &pos);
			    vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffers[i], static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);
			}


			//vkCmdDraw(commandBuffers[i], static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size()), 1, 0, 0);

			vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffers[i]);

			if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
			}
		}

	}

	void createCommandPool() {
		QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

		VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily;
		poolInfo.flags = 0; // Optional

		if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
		}
	}

	VkFormat findDepthFormat() {
		return findSupportedFormat(
			{ VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT },
			VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
			VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT
		);
	}

	VkFormat findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates, VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features) {
		for (VkFormat format : candidates) {
			VkFormatProperties props;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &props);

			if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
				return format;
			}
			else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
				return format;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
	}

	bool hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) {
		return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT || format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
	}

	void createColorResources() {
		VkFormat colorFormat = swapChainImageFormat;

		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, colorImage, colorImageMemory);
		colorImageView = createImageView(colorImage, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 1);

		transitionImageLayout(colorImage, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL, 1);
	}

	void createDepthResources() {
		VkFormat depthFormat = findDepthFormat();

		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, depthImage, depthImageMemory);
		//createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, depthImage, depthImageMemory);
		depthImageView = createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT, 1);
	}

	void createTextureSampler() {
		VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = {};
		samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
		//指定紋素放大和縮小內插值方式
		samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		//每個軸向使用的尋址模式
		samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		//各向異性過濾器
		samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
		samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 16;
		//samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_FALSE;
		//samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 1;
		//採樣範圍超過圖像時候返回的顏色
		samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
		//指定使用的座標系統，用於訪問圖像的紋素
		samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
		//開啓比較功能，那麼紋素首先和值進行比較，並且比較後的值用於過濾操作
		samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
		samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
		samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
		samplerInfo.minLod = 0;
		//samplerInfo.minLod = static_cast<float>(mipLevels / 2);
		//samplerInfo.maxLod = 0;
		samplerInfo.maxLod = static_cast<float>(mipLevels);

		//創建採樣器
		if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");
		}
	}

	void createTextureImageView() {
		textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, mipLevels);
	}

	void generateMipmaps(VkImage image, VkFormat imageFormat, int32_t texWidth, int32_t texHeight, uint32_t mipLevels) {
		// Check if image format supports linear blitting
		VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, imageFormat, &formatProperties);

		if (!(formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT)) {
			throw std::runtime_error("texture image format does not support linear blitting!");
		}

		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
		barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
		barrier.image = image;
		barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;

		int32_t mipWidth = texWidth;
		int32_t mipHeight = texHeight;

		for (uint32_t i = 1; i < mipLevels; i++) {
			barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = i - 1;
			barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;

			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0,
				0, nullptr,
				0, nullptr,
				1, &barrier);

			VkImageBlit blit = {};
			blit.srcOffsets[0] = { 0, 0, 0 };
			blit.srcOffsets[1] = { mipWidth, mipHeight, 1 };
			blit.srcSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			blit.srcSubresource.mipLevel = i - 1;
			blit.srcSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			blit.srcSubresource.layerCount = 1;
			blit.dstOffsets[0] = { 0, 0, 0 };
			blit.dstOffsets[1] = { mipWidth > 1 ? mipWidth / 2 : 1, mipHeight > 1 ? mipHeight / 2 : 1, 1 };
			blit.dstSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			blit.dstSubresource.mipLevel = i;
			blit.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			blit.dstSubresource.layerCount = 1;

			vkCmdBlitImage(commandBuffer,
				image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
				image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				1, &blit,
				VK_FILTER_LINEAR);

			barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0,
				0, nullptr,
				0, nullptr,
				1, &barrier);

			if (mipWidth > 1) mipWidth /= 2;
			if (mipHeight > 1) mipHeight /= 2;
		}

		barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = mipLevels - 1;
		barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
		barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
		barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
		barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

		vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer,
			VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0,
			0, nullptr,
			0, nullptr,
			1, &barrier);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	void createTextureImage() {
		int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;
		stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load("container.png", &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
		VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;

		mipLevels = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::floor(std::log2(std::max(texWidth, texHeight)))) + 1;

		if (!pixels) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
		}

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(imageSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

		stbi_image_free(pixels);

		createImage(texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels, VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, textureImage, textureImageMemory);

		transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, mipLevels);
		copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage, static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth), static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight));

		//transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL, mipLevels);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);

		//transitioned to VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL while generating mipmaps
		generateMipmaps(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels);
	}

	void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t mipLevels, VkSampleCountFlagBits numSamples, VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkImage& image, VkDeviceMemory& imageMemory) {
		VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = {};
		imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		imageInfo.extent.width = width;
		imageInfo.extent.height = height;
		imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
		imageInfo.mipLevels = mipLevels;
		imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
		imageInfo.format = format;
		imageInfo.tiling = tiling;
		imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		imageInfo.usage = usage;
		imageInfo.samples = numSamples;
		imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

		if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");
		}

		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &memRequirements);

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &imageMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");
		}

		vkBindImageMemory(device, image, imageMemory, 0);
	}

	void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout, uint32_t mipLevels) {
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
		barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
		barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
		barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
		barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.image = image;
		//barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

		if (newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
			barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;

			if (hasStencilComponent(format)) {
				barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask |= VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
			}
		}
		else {
			barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		}

		VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
		VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

		if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) {
			barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) {
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
			barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
			barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		}
		else {
			throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
		}


		vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
			commandBuffer,
			sourceStage, destinationStage,
			0,
			0, nullptr,
			0, nullptr,
			1, &barrier
		);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkBufferImageCopy region = {};
		region.bufferOffset = 0;
		region.bufferRowLength = 0;
		region.bufferImageHeight = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		region.imageOffset = { 0, 0, 0 };
		region.imageExtent = {
			width,
			height,
			1
		};

		vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(commandBuffer, buffer, image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	void loadModel() {
		tinyobj::attrib_t attrib;
		std::vector<tinyobj::shape_t> shapes;
		std::vector<tinyobj::material_t> materials;
		std::string warn, err;

		if (!tinyobj::LoadObj(&attrib, &shapes, &materials, &warn, &err, "chalet.obj")) {
			throw std::runtime_error(warn + err);
		}

		std::unordered_map<Vertex, uint32_t> uniqueVertices = {};

		for (const auto& shape : shapes) {
			for (const auto& index : shape.mesh.indices) {
				Vertex vertex = {};

				vertex.pos = {
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]
				};

				vertex.texCoord = {
					attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
					1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
				};

				vertex.color = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };

				if (uniqueVertices.count(vertex) == 0) {
					uniqueVertices[vertex] = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size());
					vertices.push_back(vertex);
				}

				indices.push_back(uniqueVertices[vertex]);
			}
		}
	}

	void loadCube() {
		vertices = {
		   //positions             colors             normals             texture coords m.ambient            m.diffuse           m.specular        m.shininess
		  {{-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f},{1.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f},{1.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
																					   	
		  {{-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
																					  
		  {{-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{-1.0f, 0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{-1.0f, 0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{-1.0f, 0.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{-1.0f, 0.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{-1.0f, 0.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{-1.0f, 0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
																					
		  {{ 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
																					   	
		  {{-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
																					
		  {{-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{ 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  0.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f},
		  {{-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f},{0.0f,  1.0f},{1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f}, {1.0f, 0.5f, 0.31f},{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f},32.0f}
		 
		};

		indices = {
		   2, 1, 0, 5, 4, 3,
		   6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11,
		   12,13,14,15,16,17,
		   20,19,18,23,22,21,
		   24,25,26,27,28,29,
		   32,31,30,35,34,33
		};
	}

	// 創建頂點緩衝區
	void createVertexBuffer() {

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;

		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		//*****填充頂點緩衝區*****
		void* data;
		//將緩衝區內存映射(mapping the buffer memory)到CPU可訪問的內存中完成
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
		//將頂點數據拷貝到映射內存中
		memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
		//取消映射
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
	}

	// 創建索引緩衝區
	void createIndexBuffer() {
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
	}

	void createUniformBuffer() {
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, uniformBuffer, uniformBufferMemory);
	}

	void createDescriptorPool() {
		//組合圖像採樣器描述符
		std::array<VkDescriptorPoolSize, 2> poolSizes = {};
		poolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
		poolSizes[0].descriptorCount = 1;
		poolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
		poolSizes[1].descriptorCount = 1;

		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size());
		poolInfo.pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data();
		poolInfo.maxSets = 1;

		if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");
		}
	}

	void createDescriptorSet() {
		VkDescriptorSetLayout layouts[] = { descriptorSetLayout };
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;
		allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = 1;
		allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts;
		if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, &descriptorSet) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor set!");
		}

		VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo = {};
		bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffer;
		bufferInfo.offset = 0;
		bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

		VkDescriptorImageInfo imageInfo = {};
		imageInfo.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
		imageInfo.imageView = textureImageView;
		imageInfo.sampler = textureSampler;
		std::array<VkWriteDescriptorSet, 2> descriptorWrites = {};

		descriptorWrites[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
		descriptorWrites[0].dstSet = descriptorSet;
		descriptorWrites[0].dstBinding = 0;
		descriptorWrites[0].dstArrayElement = 0;
		descriptorWrites[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
		descriptorWrites[0].descriptorCount = 1;
		descriptorWrites[0].pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;

		descriptorWrites[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
		descriptorWrites[1].dstSet = descriptorSet;
		descriptorWrites[1].dstBinding = 1;
		descriptorWrites[1].dstArrayElement = 0;
		descriptorWrites[1].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
		descriptorWrites[1].descriptorCount = 1;
		descriptorWrites[1].pImageInfo = &imageInfo;

		vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorWrites.size()), descriptorWrites.data(), 0, nullptr);

	}

	//創建緩衝區
	void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer& buffer, VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory) {

		//創建緩衝區
		VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = {};
		bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		bufferInfo.size = size;
		bufferInfo.usage = usage;
		bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
		if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
		}

		//內存需求
		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

		//內存分配
		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
		}
		//將內存關聯到緩衝區
		vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);
	}

	//用於從一個緩衝區拷貝數據到另一個緩衝區
	void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {
		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
		vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
		beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
		beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

		vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

		VkBufferCopy copyRegion = {};
		copyRegion.size = size;
		vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

		vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

		vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
	}

	VkCommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands() {
		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
		vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
		beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
		beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

		vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

		return commandBuffer;
	}

	void endSingleTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
		vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

		vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
	}

	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
		VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
			if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
				return i;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
	}

	void createFramebuffers() {
		swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());
		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
			//渲染通道就緒後，修改createframebuffer並將新的圖像視圖添加到列表中:
			std::array<VkImageView, 3> attachments = {
		            colorImageView,
		            depthImageView,
		            swapChainImageViews[i]
			};
			VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = {};
			framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
			framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
			framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
			framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
			framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
			framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

			if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
			}
		}
	}

	void createDescriptorSetLayout() {
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding = {};
		uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
		uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
		uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
		uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr; // Optional

		//爲組合圖像採樣器描述符添加一個VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding = {};
		samplerLayoutBinding.binding = 1;
		samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
		samplerLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
		//確保stageFlags正確設置，指定我們打算在片段着色器中使用組合圖像採樣器描述符。這就是片段顏色最終被確定的地方。可以在頂點着色器中使用紋理採樣
		samplerLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;

		std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> bindings = { uboLayoutBinding, samplerLayoutBinding };
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo = {};
		layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		layoutInfo.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size());
		layoutInfo.pBindings = bindings.data();


		if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");
		}
	}

	void createGraphicsPipeline() {
		auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shader.vert.spv");
		auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shader.frag.spv");

		VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
		VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo = {};
		vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
		vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
		vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo = {};
		fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
		fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
		fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo };

		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};
		vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

		//配置圖形管線可以接受重新定義的頂點數據的格式
		auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
		auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();

		vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();

		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {};
		inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
		inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

		VkViewport viewport = {};
		viewport.x = 0.0f;
		viewport.y = 0.0f;
		viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
		viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
		viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
		viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

		VkRect2D scissor = {};
		scissor.offset = { 0, 0 };
		scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};
		viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
		viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
		viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
		viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {};
		rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
		rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
		rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
		rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
		rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;

		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling = {};
		multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
		multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f; // Optional
		//multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_TRUE; // enable sample shading in the pipeline
		//multisampling.minSampleShading = .2f; // min fraction for sample shading; closer to one is smoother
		multisampling.rasterizationSamples = msaaSamples;//告訴新建管道使用多個採樣
		multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr; // Optional
		multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional
		multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional


		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil = {};
		depthStencil.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		depthStencil.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE;  //指定是否應該將新的深度緩衝區與深度緩衝區進行比較，以確認是否應該被丟棄
		depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE; //指定通過深度測試的新的片段深度是否應該被實際寫入深度緩衝區
		depthStencil.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS;//指定執行保留或者丟棄片段的比較細節
		depthStencil.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE; //depthBoundsTestEnable, minDepthBounds 和 maxDepthBounds 字段用於可選擇的優化深度綁定測試
		depthStencil.minDepthBounds = 0.0f; // Optional
		depthStencil.maxDepthBounds = 1.0f; // Optional
		depthStencil.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;//用於配置模版緩衝區的操作
		depthStencil.front = {}; // Optional
		depthStencil.back = {}; // Optional

		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment = {};
		colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
		colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending = {};
		colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
		colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
		colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f;

		VkPushConstantRange pushConstantRange{};
		pushConstantRange.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
		pushConstantRange.offset = 0;
		pushConstantRange.size = sizeof(glm::vec3);

		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo = {};
		pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1; // Optional
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout; // Optional
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 1; // Optional
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = &pushConstantRange; // Optional

		if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
		}

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {};
		pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
		pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;

		pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
		pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
		pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
		pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
		pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencil;
		pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
		pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = nullptr; // Optional

		pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
		pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; // Optional
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1; // Optional

		if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
		}

		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
	}

	bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		uint32_t extensionCount;
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

		std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

		for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
			requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
		}

		return requiredExtensions.empty();
	}

	VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
		if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
			return capabilities.currentExtent;
		}
		else {
			int width, height;
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

			VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
				static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
				static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
			};
			//VkExtent2D actualExtent = { WIDTH, HEIGHT };
			actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
			actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));

			return actualExtent;
		}
	}

	SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		SwapChainSupportDetails details;

		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);

		uint32_t formatCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

		if (formatCount != 0) {
			details.formats.resize(formatCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());
		}

		uint32_t presentModeCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);

		if (presentModeCount != 0) {
			details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
		}

		return details;
	}

	VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {
		if (availableFormats.size() == 1 && availableFormats[0].format == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
			return { VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR };
		}
		for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
			if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM && availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
				return availableFormat;
			}
		}
		return availableFormats[0];
	}

	VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> availablePresentModes) {
		VkPresentModeKHR bestMode = VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;

		for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
			if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
				return availablePresentMode;
			}
			else if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR) {
				bestMode = availablePresentMode;
			}
		}

		return bestMode;
	}

	QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices;

		uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());

		int i = 0;
		for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
			if (queueFamily.queueCount > 0 && queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
				indices.graphicsFamily = i;
			}

			VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);

			if (presentSupport) {
				indices.presentFamily = i;
			}

			if (indices.isComplete()) {
				break;
			}

			i++;
		}

		return indices;
	}

	std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() {
		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		const char** glfwExtensions;
		glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

		std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
		}

		return extensions;
	}

	bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
		uint32_t layerCount;
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

		for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
			bool layerFound = false;

			for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
				if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
					layerFound = true;
					break;
				}
			}

			if (!layerFound) {
				return false;
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) {
		std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;

		return VK_FALSE;
	}
};

int main() {
	HelloTriangleApplication app;

	try {
		app.run();
	}
	catch (const std::exception& e) {
		std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}