Mini CFA 考試練習題 Microeconomics

微觀經濟學部分一共61道題目,第一次刷題正確率66%。
在這裏插入圖片描述


Q. Economics is the study of:

an economy as a whole.
choices in the presence of limited or scarce resources.
how individuals and companies make decisions to allocate limited resources.

B是對的。經濟學是研究有限或稀缺資源(勞動力、實物資產、金融資本等)下的選擇。宏觀經濟學是對整個經濟的研究。微觀經濟學是研究個人和公司如何做出分配有限資源的決定。


Q. If the price of chocolate increases, the quantity of chocolate demanded will most likely:

increase.
decrease.
remain unchanged.

B是對的。需求定律指出,需求量與產品價格成反比關係。如果巧克力價格上漲,那麼巧克力的需求量就會減少。A和C是不正確的,因爲需求規律表明,隨着產品價格的上漲,需求量將減少,而不是增加或保持不變。


Q. Which of the following would most likely cause a steel manufacturer to increase the quantity supplied? An increase in:

input costs.
corporate taxes.
the price of steel.

C是正確的。《供應法》規定,當價格上漲時,公司供應的數量就會增加。只有當價格變化時,供應曲線纔會發生變化。A是不正確的,因爲投入成本的增加將導致供應曲線向左移動,製造商以更高的價格提供相同數量的鋼材,或以相同的價格提供較小數量的鋼材。B是不正確的,因爲公司稅的增加將導致供應曲線向左移動,製造商以更高的價格提供相同數量的鋼材,或以相同的價格提供較小數量的鋼材。


Q. If consumers demand more of a good than sellers find profitable to produce, then sellers’ inventories will tend to:

deplete.
pile up.
remain unchanged.

A是正確的。 當商品的價格低於均衡價格時,消費者對商品的需求將大於生產者發現可以出售的商品,而庫存將被耗盡。 B是不正確的,因爲當公司願意提供的商品多於消費者願意購買的商品時,庫存就會堆積。 C是不正確的,因爲賣方的庫存受消費者需求的影響,並且不會保持不變。


Q. Holding all other factors constant, if the price of a product increases, the demand for a substitute product is most likely to:

increase.
decrease.
remain unchanged.

A是正確的。 當產品價格上漲時,對替代產品的需求也會增加。 B是不正確的,因爲如果產品價格上漲,對互補產品而非替代產品的需求將減少。 C是不正確的,因爲如果產品價格上漲,對替代產品的需求就會增加。


Q. Holding all other factors constant, if the demand for printers increases, the demand for ink cartridges is most likely to:

increase.
decrease.
remain unchanged.

A是正確的。打印機和墨盒是互補產品。因此,如果對打印機的需求增加,對墨盒的需求也會增加。B是不正確的,因爲如果打印機和墨盒是替代產品,而不是補充產品,如果打印機的需求增加,對墨盒的需求就會減少。C不正確,因爲打印機和墨盒是互補產品。因此,打印機需求的增加將增加對墨盒的需求。


Q. Market equilibrium is a state in the market when, at a particular price and with all other factors remaining unchanged, no buyer or seller has any incentive or desire to change the:

quality of a product that is demanded or supplied.
market for a product that is demanded or supplied.
quantity of a product that is demanded or supplied.

C是正確的。市場均衡是指在某一特定價格下,沒有買方或賣方有任何動機或願望改變某一產品的需求或供應量,而所有其他因素保持不變的市場狀態。A是不正確的,因爲市場均衡是一個價格,在這個價格上沒有過剩的供應或需求,它不考慮產品的質量。B是不正確的,因爲市場均衡關係到以特定價格需求或供應的產品的數量,而不是產品的市場。


Q. Which of the following statements best describes price inelasticity? A small change in price produces a:

proportional change in demand.
less than proportional change in demand.
disproportionally larger change in demand.

B是對的。如果價格彈性很低或沒有彈性,價格的變化伴隨着需求量的低於比例的變化。這意味着需求對價格不太敏感。A是不正確的,因爲價格的微小變化會產生需求的比例變化,從而產生良好的展示單位彈性。C是不正確的,因爲價格的微小變化會導致對具有高價格彈性的商品需求的不相稱的較大變化。


Q. If revenues decrease when the price of a good increases, the price elasticity of this good is most likely:

elastic.
inelastic.
unit elastic.

A是正確的。對於彈性商品來說,價格的上漲將導致數量下降的百分比更大,收入減少。B是不正確的,因爲對於非彈性商品,價格下降會導致收入下降。C是不正確的,因爲價格變化不影響單位彈性貨物的總收入。


Q. For a particular period, a golf course generated revenues of $10,000,000 and incurred costs of $5,000,000. In addition, the implicit costs were $1,000,000. The accounting profit is most likely:

lower than the economic profit.
the same as the economic profit.
higher than the economic profit.

C是正確的。會計利潤只考慮顯式成本,將從收入和直接成本之間的差額(10000000美元-5000000美元=5000000美元)中得出。
A是不正確的,因爲經濟利潤從會計利潤中扣除隱含成本(10000000美元-5000000美元-1000000美元=4000000美元)。
B是不正確的,因爲當存在隱性成本時,會計利潤和經濟利潤是不一樣的


Q. Which of the following costs is most likely a variable cost for a manufacturing plant?

Energy costs
Interest expense
Insurance expense

A是正確的。能源成本是對生產水平敏感的可變成本。B是不正確的,因爲利息費用通常是固定成本,不隨生產水平而變化。C是不正確的,因爲保險費用通常是固定費用,不隨生產水平而變化。


Q. Which of the following statements best describes the effect of lower production on a manufacturing plant’s costs per unit? Average:

total cost will decrease.
fixed cost will decrease.
variable cost will remain fairly constant.

C是正確的。單位產出的平均變動成本或變動成本通常隨着生產的變化而保持不變。A是不正確的,因爲單位的平均總成本應該隨着產量的減少而增加。B是不正確的,因爲平均固定成本會增加。固定成本正分散在較少的生產單位上。


Q. Which of the following factors is most likely to affect the pricing of a service?

Production costs
Average age of the workforce
Availability of complementary products

A是正確的。服務定價時考慮生產成本。B是不正確的,因爲勞動力的平均年齡不影響定價。C是不正確的,因爲替代產品的供應將影響定價,而不是補充產品的供應。


Q. An industry dominated by a small number of large companies is most likely a(n):

monopoly.
oligopoly.
perfect competition.

B是對的。寡頭壟斷由少數大公司主導,因爲進入壁壘很高。A是不正確的,因爲壟斷是一個市場,只有一家公司生產一種產品,而這種產品沒有緊密的替代品,而且有很大的進入障礙。C是不正確的,因爲在完全競爭中,有許多買賣雙方在一種統一的商品上進行交易,而且沒有進入的主要障礙。


Q. A person graphed her consumption of coffee and soda over the past two years as the price of these items changed. Recently, her demand curve for coffee shifted to the left. This change is most likely explained by:

her income declining.
the price of soda rising.
the price of coffee rising.

A是正確的。收入下降將導致需求曲線向左移動;由於預算限制更嚴格,在每種價格下消耗更少。咖啡價格的變化會引起需求曲線的變化,蘇打水價格的上漲會引起咖啡需求曲線右移。B不正確。蘇打水價格上漲將導致咖啡需求曲線右移。C不正確。咖啡的價格變化會引起需求曲線的變化


Q. A pharmaceutical company spends large amounts of money on research and development of drugs that treat very rare diseases. Its successful products are patent protected, thereby allowing it to earn abnormal profits for many years. The market environment in which this company operates is most likely described as:

a monopoly.
perfect competition.
monopolistic competition.

A是正確的。賺取異常利潤通常會產生競爭對手,但研發所需的大量資金和專利所給予的保護是進入的障礙,這使得該公司成爲藥品的唯一供應商,而藥品的替代品(如果有的話)很少。這些都是純粹壟斷的特徵。B不正確。完美的競爭不會獲得異常的利潤,有許多生產者,也沒有進入壁壘。C不正確。壟斷競爭涉及到許多銷售商,他們以某種方式區分自己的產品,這是一個適度的進入壁壘。在上述情況下,進入壁壘是巨大的。


Q. A group of producers jointly control the production and pricing of the product produced by the group. The type of market environment in which they operate is most likely referred to as a(n):

oligopoly.
monopoly.
free trade zone.

A是正確的。卡特爾是寡頭壟斷的一種特殊情況,在這種情況下,一組生產商共同控制該組生產的產品或服務的生產和定價。歐佩克及其對世界石油市場的影響就是此類組織的一個例子。B不正確。壟斷包括一個生產者。C不正確。自由貿易區是指根據國際協定,貿易壁壘、官僚限制等有所減少的地區,它不是一種市場結構形式。


Q. The shift to the right in the demand curve for an item from D to D1 is consistent with a decrease in:

production costs
the price of a close substitute
the price of a close complement

C是正確的。需求曲線向右移動與商品需求增加一致。這種轉變很可能會出現,如果價格下降的密切配合,例如,熱狗麪包是一個密切配合熱狗。熱狗價格的下降應該會導致對熱狗和熱狗麪包的需求增加。


Q. If a decrease in the selling price of a company’s only product results in an increase in the company’s total revenue, the demand for the company’s product is most likely:

elastic.
inelastic.
unit-elastic.

A是正確的。總收入等於價格乘以銷售量。如果對公司產品的需求是有彈性的,其價格的下降將使銷售量增加到總收入增加的程度。


Q. An industry has the following characteristics:

high barriers to entry,
domination by a small number of large firms, and
the large size of each firm in the industry causes actions by one firm to affect the others.
The industry structure is best described as being:

a monopoly.
an oligopoly.
monopolistic competition.

B是對的。寡頭壟斷體現了所有列出的特徵。壟斷是由單一企業構成的,壟斷競爭不存在主要的進入壁壘。


Q. A hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico caused several oil refineries in the area to shut down for a week. Gasoline prices subsequently rose as a result of:

scarcity.
reduced demand.
income elasticity.

A是正確的。煉油廠的關閉導致汽油供應短缺。由於這種資源稀缺,個人和組織的需求無法得到滿足,價格隨後上漲。B不正確。在本例中,相對於供給而言,存在過度需求。C不正確。收入彈性是指在收入變化的情況下,需求的變化。所描述的問題涉及供應短缺。


Q. Which of the following pairs of goods or services are most likely described as complements?

Hot dogs and hot dog buns
Air travel and train travel
Tickets to an 8 p.m. soccer game and an 8 p.m. stage play

A是正確的。補語是共同消費的商品或服務。熱狗和熱狗麪包通常一起食用。娛樂選擇和交通方式不能同時選擇,因此是替代品。B不正確。到同一地點的其他交通方式是替代的。C不正確。同時參加兩個不同項目的票是替代品。


Q. Which of the following scenarios is most likely consistent with a lower equilibrium price for a company’s good?

Consumer incomes increase; the government imposes higher taxes on businesses.
The demand curve is unchanged; new environmental laws have resulted in an increase in the company’s cost of production.
The supply curve is unchanged; the company’s main competitor completes an extremely successful advertising campaign and the company loses customers.

C是正確的。競爭對手的一次極爲成功的廣告活動將導致這家公司的需求曲線向左移動。如果供給曲線不變,均衡價格就會下降。這種動態如下圖所示,其中原始均衡價格和數量在D和S的交點處。新的需求曲線用虛線(D1)表示。在供給曲線不變的情況下,新的均衡價格(D1和S的交點)處於較低的價格,新的均衡供給量較低。B不正確。較高的生產成本將導致供應曲線向左移動(S1)。在需求不變的情況下,這將導致均衡價格上升。這在右邊的圖表中用虛線供應曲線(S1)表示,先前的需求曲線(D)不變。新的均衡價格(S1和D的交點)較高,而新的均衡供應量較低。A不正確。在這種情況下,需求曲線和供給曲線都將發生變化,從而產生更高的均衡價格。較高的營業稅將導致供給曲線向左移動(S1)。消費者收入增加,需求曲線右移(D1)。綜合效應將導致均衡價格上升。這在右邊的圖表中用虛線供應曲線(S1)和虛線需求曲線(D1)來說明。新的均衡價格(S1和D1的交集)更高,儘管程度將取決於相對位移的大小。


Q. A line representing a perfectly elastic demand curve is drawn with price on the vertical axis and quantity demanded on the horizontal axis. The line is:

vertical.
horizontal.
downward sloping.

B是對的。當價格處於垂直軸上且數量在水平軸上時,完全彈性需求曲線是水平的。A不正確。完全非彈性需求曲線是垂直的。C不正確。正常需求曲線是向下傾斜的。


Q. Which of the following pairs of items most likely has a negative cross-price elasticity of demand?

DVD players and DVDs
Cable TV and satellite TV
Landline phones and cell phones

A是正確的。需求的負交叉價格彈性表示互補商品,因此一種商品的價格下降通常伴隨着另一種商品需求量的增加。DVD播放機和DVD是互補產品。其他的情況是相互替代的,所以如果一個價格下降,另一個將被要求更多。替代品表現出正的需求交叉價格彈性。B不正確。有線電視和衛星電視是替代品:替代品表現出正的需求交叉價格彈性。C不正確。固定電話和手機是替代品:替代品表現出正的需求交叉價格彈性。


Q. Monopolistic competition is most likely characterised by:

major barriers to entry.
product differentiation.
government-regulated prices.

B是對的。在壟斷競爭中,每一個賣方都可以將其產品區分爲買方,並且擁有有限的壟斷地位,但不存在主要的進入壁壘。因爲銷售商可以區分他們的產品,所以商品是以一系列的價格出售的,但不受政府監管。A不正確。壟斷競爭中不存在進入的主要障礙。C不正確。因爲銷售者能夠區分他們的產品,所以商品是以一系列的價格出售的,但不受政府監管。


Q. A particular good is defined very narrowly as opposed to more broadly. The most likely result is that the number of available substitutes will be:

large.
small.
unaffected.

A是正確的。如果一種商品的定義非常狹隘,比如一種特定品牌的蘇打水,那麼就會有很多替代品。當一種商品被定義得更廣泛時,比如軟飲料,替代品就更少了。B不正確。狹義的好的結果在更多的替代品。C不正確。狹義的好的結果在更多的替代品。


Q. Microeconomics involves the study of:

how interest rates are determined.
how companies decide to allocate scarce resources.
foreign exchange differentials between small countries.

B是對的。微觀經濟學是經濟學的一個分支,研究個人和公司如何做出分配稀缺資源的決定。A不正確。利率是宏觀經濟問題C是不正確的。外匯是一個宏觀經濟問題


Q. As the price of a good increases, the quantity:

supplied by companies increases.
demanded by consumers increases.
of complements demanded by consumers increases.

A是正確的。《供應法》規定,當貨物價格上漲時,公司供應的貨物數量將增加。B不正確。需求定律指出,當價格上漲時,消費者對商品的需求量就會下降。C不正確。補語是經常一起使用的產品。隨着商品價格的上漲,商品的需求量和互補品的需求量將下降。


Q. As incomes decrease, if the demand for intercity bus service increases while travel by rail and plane decreases, then intercity bus service is most likely a(n):

normal good.
inferior good.
substitute good.

B是對的。劣質商品是指當收入下降時需求增加的商品。A不正確。隨着收入的下降,對正常商品的需求下降。C不正確。對替代品的需求隨着價格的變化而變化,而不是由於收入的變化。


Q. An analyst has determined that a company’s supply curve for a good it produces has shifted to the left. Such a shift can be explained by a(n):

increase in labour costs.
decrease in corporate taxes.
increase in the price of the good.

A是正確的。供應曲線的變化是對商品價格以外的因素的反應。較高的生產成本將導致向左轉,這意味着公司願意以同樣的價格出售較低數量的產品。B不正確。企業稅的降低將導致供給曲線右移。C不正確。價格變化導致供應曲線的變化。


Q. The price elasticity of demand for an item is –3. This means that if the price of the item:

rises by $1, three fewer units will be produced.
increases by $1, three fewer units will be purchased.
decreases by 1%, the quantity purchased will increase by 3%.

C是正確的。需求價格彈性是指需求量相對於價格變化的百分比變化。如果價格下降1%,購買數量將增加3%。B不正確。價格彈性是指百分比變化,而不是單位和貨幣單位。A不正確。需求的價格彈性不能解決供給問題,也不是以單位和貨幣爲單位的。


Q. Recordable compact discs from various manufacturers are often assumed to be perfect substitutes for one another. If this assumption is correct and one manufacturer lowers its prices, the prices charged by other suppliers will most likely:

fall.
rise.
be unaffected.

A是正確的。定價權是替代品存在的函數。如果產品有許多完美的替代品,一個生產者的降價將導致所有生產者不得不降低價格以保持市場份額。B不正確。如果產品被認爲是完美的替代品,一個製造商降低價格將導致其他製造商降低價格。C不正確。如果產品被認爲是完美的替代品,一個製造商降低價格將導致其他製造商降低價格。


Q. Economics is defined as the study of:

the economy as a whole.
choices in the presence of scarce resources.
the allocation decisions by individuals, businesses, and governments.

B是對的。經濟學是研究有限或稀缺資源下的選擇。A不正確。宏觀經濟學是對整個經濟的研究。C不正確。微觀經濟學是研究個人和企業對稀缺資源的配置。


Q. If consumers buy more of Item Y when the price of Item X falls, X and Y are described as being:

substitutes.
complements.
normal goods.

B是正確的。 補品是一起消費的商品。 如果X的價格下跌,則會消耗更多的價格以及其補碼Y。A是不正確的。 如果X和Y是替代品,則Y的需求量會減少,因爲Y的相對成本會隨着X價格的下降而增加。 C不正確。 普通商品是需求隨收入增加而增加的商品。 這裏沒有提及收入的變化。


Q. A company faces higher production costs for a particular good, but the price of the good remains unchanged. The company’s supply curve will:

shift inward (to the left).
shift outward (to the right).
be unaffected because the price of the good produced is unchanged.

A是正確的。供應曲線的變化是對商品或服務價格以外的因素(如生產成本、技術或稅收)的反應。由於生產成本上升,公司願意在每種價格下減少供應,曲線向左向內移動。B不正確。由於生產成本上升,公司願意在每種價格下減少供應,曲線向左轉。C不正確。由於生產成本上升,公司願意在每種價格下減少供應,曲線向左向內移動。


Q. When the price of a product increases by 3%, there is a 3% decrease in the quantity demanded. This product is described as being:

inelastic.
unit elastic.
symmetrically elastic.

B是對的。由於需求量的百分比變化與價格的百分比變化相等且相反,因此該產品具有單位(負)彈性。A不正確。如果產品是非彈性的,需求量的變化率將小於價格的變化率。C不正確。這個詞是編造的


Q. As a family’s income falls, it purchases more of a particular good. The good is described as a:

luxury good.
normal good.
inferior good.

C是正確的。隨着收入的下降,消費者購買更多的次品;這種反應說明收入彈性爲負。A不正確。奢侈品具有正的收入彈性,但大於1:隨着收入下降,購買的奢侈品要少得多。B不正確。普通商品具有正的收入彈性:隨着收入的下降,購買量減少。


Q. A call centre processed 250 calls per hour when 15 workers were employed. When 15 more workers are hired, only 150 additional calls are processed per hour. This relationship between the number of workers employed and output in the call centre is an example of:

economies of scale.
operating leverage.
the law of diminishing returns.

C是正確的。隨着更多可變輸入(即勞動力)的增加,輸出(每小時處理的呼叫)以遞減的速度增加。這一結果是收益遞減規律的一個例子:總產出增加到400個電話,但最後15名工人的增加比最初15名工人的影響要小。A不正確。當產出可以在不改變固定成本的情況下增加時,就會產生規模經濟。B不正確。經營槓桿是指固定成本在生產中的使用程度。


Q. A company with a high degree of operating leverage is one in which the largest proportion of the company’s costs are associated with:

electricity.
raw materials.
property, buildings, and equipment.

C是正確的。經營槓桿是指固定成本在生產中的使用程度。與財產、建築物和設備相關的成本是固定成本,因爲它們不隨生產水平而變化,而原材料和電力是可變成本,因爲成本隨產出水平而變化。A不正確。原材料和電力是可變的經營成本。B不正確。原材料和電力是可變的經營成本。


Q. In the pricing of a product, which of the following can impact the producer’s mark-up? The product’s:

fixed cost
uniqueness
variable cost

B是對的。如果一個產品有一個獨特的身份,它是不太敏感的價格,使生產者有能力實現更高的加價。A和C是錯誤的,因爲固定成本和可變成本是生產成本的組成部分,加價是在生產成本之上收取的金額。生產成本不影響加價。


Q. Which of the following statements is true about the profitability of firms in a perfectly competitive market? In the long run, the firms in the industry earn:

normal profits.
abnormal profits.
accounting profits.

A是正確的。在完全競爭的市場中,公司賺取正常利潤,這補償了公司所有者的機會成本(也稱爲經濟利潤)。在一個競爭激烈的行業中,只有在短期內才能獲得不正常的利潤。B不正確。在一個完全競爭的行業中,非正常利潤只能在短期內獲得。C不正確。從長遠來看,一家公司必須同時承擔會計成本和機會成本。


Q. An industry would be classified as an oligopoly if it has:

many companies.
high barriers to entry.
short-run abnormal profits.

B是對的。寡頭壟斷的特徵包括進入壁壘高、企業數量少、能夠賺取長期異常利潤。A不正確。寡頭壟斷的特徵包括公司數量少、進入壁壘高和能夠賺取長期異常利潤。C不正確。寡頭壟斷的特徵包括公司數量少、進入壁壘高和能夠賺取長期異常利潤。


Q. The industry structure in which there is a tendency for price collusion between producers is:

a monopoly.
an oligopoly.
monopolistic competition.

B是對的。寡頭壟斷中存在價格串通的趨勢,因爲只有少數大的生產商可以輕易串通,扭曲價格,以增加利潤。法律法規防止合謀變得更加普遍。A不正確。在壟斷中只有一個賣方,因此不可能串通。C不正確。壟斷競爭中的銷售者很多,他們生產的產品有一定程度的差異化,因此沒有很大的串通傾向。


Q. The supply curve for Product X remains unchanged, whereas the price of Product Y, a close substitute, has fallen. The equilibrium price of Product X will be:

lower.
higher.
unchanged.

A是正確的。隨着接近替代品Y價格的下降,Y產品的需求量將增加,X產品的需求曲線將向左移動(需求量減少)。在X產品供給曲線不變的情況下,其均衡價格將下降。B不正確。X的需求曲線將向左移動,在供應曲線不變的情況下,X的價格將降低。C不正確。X的需求曲線將向左移動,在供應曲線不變的情況下,X的價格將降低。


Q. The area of Microeconomics covers the study of:

how inflation can impact economic growth.
factors affecting economic growth in small economies.
how individuals and companies decide on allocation of scarce resources.

C是正確的。微觀經濟學是研究個人和公司如何做出分配稀缺資源的決策。影響一個國家經濟增長的因素,如通貨膨脹,是宏觀經濟學的一部分,宏觀經濟學研究的是整個經濟。


Q. If the price of a good increases, a consumer:

will purchase fewer products that are complementary to the good.
through the income effect will purchase cheaper alternatives to the good.
will have less purchasing power, and through the substitution effect, will decrease overall consumption.

A是正確的。隨着商品價格的上漲,購買的商品將減少。補充產品與商品一起消費,因此購買的產品也會更少。B不正確。該語句引用替換效果。C不正確。報表是指收入效應。


Q. Which of the following would cause the supply curve for a good to shift to the left?

A decrease in energy costs
A successful advertising campaign that changes consumers’ preferences
The imposition of an employer-paid health care tax for each employee in a company’s workforce

C是正確的。向左移動意味着每種價格的產量都會降低。如果生產成本上升(例如,由於更高的勞動力成本,如醫療稅或更高的能源成本),就會出現這種情況。廣告活動會影響需求曲線,而不是供應曲線。A不正確。較高而非較低的能源成本將導致供應曲線向左移動。B不正確。成功的廣告活動會影響需求曲線,而不是供應曲線。


Q. A survey of household buying habits indicated that, for a particular person, if the price of:

margarine rose by 2%, she purchased 5% more butter;
peanut butter fell by 1%, she purchased 2% more strawberry jam;
movie tickets rose by 6%, she attended 3% fewer movies.
The survey team could reasonably conclude that for this person:

demand for margarine is highly elastic.
movie tickets have a positive income elasticity of demand.
peanut butter and jam have negative cross-price elasticities of demand.

C是正確的。隨着花生醬價格的下降,人們會購買更多的花生醬。因爲更多的草莓果醬也被購買,這表明這個人認爲這兩個項目是互補的。


Q. The chief financial officer said in a letter to shareholders that the company earned an economic profit in the current period. Compared with the company’s accounting profit, the economic profit is:

lower.
higher.
the same.

A是正確的。經濟利潤從收入中扣除顯性成本和隱性成本(如機會成本),而會計利潤只扣除顯性成本。因此,經濟利潤低於會計利潤。B不正確。經濟利潤低於會計利潤,因爲它們還扣除了機會成本。C不正確。經濟利潤低於會計利潤,因爲它們還扣除了機會成本。


Q. A business uses a milling machine in its production process. As a factor of production, this machine would be classified by economists as:

capital equipment.
industrialisation.
an entrepreneurial resource.

A是正確的。經濟學家將生產要素分爲四類:自然資源、勞動力、企業家精神和資本設備。機器被列爲資本設備。C不正確。創業資源是生產要素,但不適用於機械。B不正確。工業化不是生產要素。


Q. Prior to reaching maximum production capacity, as production rises, average:

fixed costs fall.
total costs rise.
variable costs rise.

A是正確的。平均固定成本隨着產量的增加而下降,因爲固定成本分佈在更多的產出單位上。B不正確。總成本會隨着產出的增加而增加,但由於總成本分散在更多的產出單位上,因此平均成本會下降;基本上,AFC下降和AVC保持與產出增加相同。C不正確。平均可變成本可能是不變的,但讀數確實表明它們可能會略有下降。


Q. In general, a profit maximising business will attempt to produce up to the point at which its marginal revenue is just equal to its:

marginal cost.
total fixed costs.
average variable cost.

A是正確的。利潤最大化的企業將嘗試將邊際收益設定爲邊際成本。邊際收益是生產者獲得額外生產單位的收入,而邊際成本是生產額外生產單位的增量成本。B不正確。利潤最大化發生時MC = MR C是不正確的。當MC=MR時,利潤最大化發生。


Q. The cross-price elasticity of demand for two products is –1.5%. This result indicates that the two products are:

substitutes.
complements.
inferior goods.

B是對的。需求的負交叉價格彈性表明這兩種產品是互補的。交叉價格彈性是指一種產品的需求量在另一種產品價格變化的基礎上發生的百分比變化。對於補充品來說,隨着一種商品價格的上漲,它的消耗量減少,而另一種商品的消耗量也減少。例如,如果電影票價格上漲,爆米花的消費量就會下降。A不正確。一般來說,替代品具有正的需求交叉價格彈性。隨着一種商品價格的上漲,對替代品的需求也會增加。C不正確。劣質商品是指需求隨着消費收入的增加而減少的商品。這將通過需求的收入彈性來衡量。


Q. Compared with last year, the market equilibrium price for an item is now higher. This scenario arises when the quantity:

supplied decreased with no change in demand.
demanded decreased with an increase in supply.
demanded did not change and the supply increased.

A是正確的。供給減少而需求不變,將導致均衡價格上升。


Q. The demand curve for a good has shifted to the left. The most likely explanation for this shift is that the price of:

the item has risen.
a substitute has fallen.
the item is expected to rise in the future.

B是對的。隨着替代品價格的降低,對這種商品的需求減少,需求曲線向左移動。A不正確。價格的變化反映在需求曲線的移動(move)而不是曲線的移動(shift)。C不正確。如果預計未來商品價格會上漲,那麼隨着消費者在預期價格上漲之前增加購買量,目前的需求曲線將向右移動。


Q. Average fixed costs will continue to fall if a firm’s level of production:

follows the law of diminishing returns.
experiences breakdowns.
exceeds its initial capacity.

A是正確的。收益遞減規律表明,在生產能力固定的情況下,隨着可變單位的增加,產出收益會下降。然而,由於仍有更多的生產和固定成本沒有改變,平均固定成本將下降。B不正確。故障將導致較低的產量,這將導致平均固定成本上升。C不正確。超過初始容量將需要額外的固定資源,這將導致平均固定成本上升。


Q. A printing company quotes the following prices for increasing quantities of business cards:

100 cards for $8.00
250 cards for $9.00
500 cards for $10.00
The price the printer charges for these cards most likely reflects:

economies of scale.
operating leverage.
the law of diminishing returns.

A是正確的。規模經濟是指在沒有可比的固定成本上升的情況下,由於產出顯著增加而節省的成本。打印機在生產特定批次的卡片時面臨固定的安裝成本。一旦這一成本被覆蓋,每生產一張額外的卡就只有一個邊際成本,而且更大的數量可以以更低的單價提供。B不正確。經營槓桿是指在生產中使用固定成本的程度。C不正確。當邊際產出減少時,隨着單一生產要素(如勞動力)的增加,收益遞減。


Q. The breakeven point is the output level at which total revenue equals:

variable costs.
opportunity cost.
variable costs plus fixed costs.

C是正確的。盈虧平衡點是總收入等於總成本(即總可變成本加總固定成本)的產出水平。A不正確。固定成本和可變成本都必須包括在內,才能達到收支平衡。B不正確。機會成本在包含顯性成本的盈虧平衡概念中被忽略。


Q. A higher price mark-up for a product is unlikely if the product:

is in limited supply.
has many substitutes.
is perceived by consumers to have unique characteristics.

B是對的。如果該產品有許多替代品,就不太可能提高價格。A不正確。供應有限會導致更高的加價C是不正確的。這就是爲什麼廣告業如此有利可圖:改變人們對獨特性的看法,無論是真實的還是想象的


Q. Which of the following is not a fixed cost?

Rent
Delivery costs
Executive salaries

B是對的。固定成本是指不因生產或銷售水平而改變的成本。交付成本根據交付的項目數量而變化,因此被視爲可變的,而不是固定的。租金和高管薪酬不會隨產出水平而變化,因此是固定成本。A不正確。租金不會隨產出水平而變化,因此是固定成本。C不正確。高管薪酬不會隨產出水平而變化,因此是固定成本。

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