英语语法——动词

概念

什么是动词

动词就是用来形容或者表示各类动作及状态的词

动词之间怎么协调

基本上每个完整的句子都有一个动词,要表示第二个动作可以使用动词不定式,动名词,并列连词,从属连词或者增加子句等方法连接。

动词的地位

英语的动词是句子的核心,他既决定句子表达的意思,同时又决定句子的语法结构。

动词的分类

按照动词的组成分类

单字词

The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英语中有很多短语动词和动词短语

短语动词

动词加小品词构成的起到动词作用的短语叫短语动词
短语动词的构成

动词+副词 watch out
动词+介词 look into
动词+副词+介词 look forward to


Turn off the radio.
把收音机关上。
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
学生应该学会怎么查字典

动词短语

动词和介词或副词的习惯搭配
The young ought to take care of the old.
年轻人应该照顾老人。

按照动词在句子中的功能分类

系动词

概念

系动词也叫连系动词,有些不具有词义,有些具有词义,但是不能单独做谓语,后面必须跟表语(也叫补语),构成系表结构,来说明主语的状态、性质、特征等情况。

用法


1)状态系动词be(am/is/are)用来表示主语的性质或者是状态。
My grandmother is an old retired worker.
Those pictures are very beautiful.
2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或者保持一种状态或者态度,主要有keep、rest、remain、stay、lie、stand等。
He always kept silent at meeting.
This matter rests a mystery.
3)变化的系动词用来表示主语变成什么样,主要有become、grow、turn、fall、get、go、come、run等。
He become mad after that.
She grew rich within a short time.
4)感官系动词主要有feel、smell、sound、taste等
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
This flower smells very sweet.
5)表象系动词用来表示“看起来像……”,主要有seem、appear、look等
He looks very tired.
He seems (to be) very sad.
6)终止情态动词表示主语已经终止的动作,主要有prove、turn out 表达“证实”、“变成”之意。
The rumor proved false.
The search proved difficult.
His plan turned out a success.
7)最主要的连系动词是be(am/is/are)。其他的常用的连系动词还有:seem似乎、look看起来、appear好像、become变成、keep保持、get成为。
He is a good teacher.
The flower smells good.

情态动词

概念

情态动词是指说话的人的语气或者情态的动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能单独做谓语,必须和后面的动词原形合用。

否定形式

情态动词的否定形式,可以直接在后面加not
情态动词的一般疑问句形式,可以直接把情态动词提到句首,句子中其他成分不变,并且在句子末尾加问号。
常用情态动词:can、may、must、need、should

助动词

概念

助动词是指用来帮助主要动词完成语法功能的动词

特点

助动词本身没有意义,不能单独做谓语。他们可以在句子中与实义动词一起构成一般疑问句,否定句,进行时态,完成时态和将来时态等。而被协助的动词称作主要动词。有时候情态动词可以视为助动词。

常见助动词

be、have、do、shall、will、should、would
He doesn’t like that gay.(doesn’t是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)

助动词的用法

1)基本助动词
基本助动词只有3个:be、do、have,它们没有词汇意义,只有语法作用。入协助构成进行时、完成时、被动态、否定句、疑问句等。
1.1 be 作为助动词,主要用于构成进行时
The boys are playing basketball.
My sister will be arriving in America tomorrow morning.
1.2 do 通常协助主要动词构成否定句,或者是一般疑问句
Do you want to come with me?
I don’t want to share my secrets with anybody.
1.3 have作为助动词,主要用于构成完成时态
He has just finished his task.
My boss has gone to Beijing.
2) 助动词可以协助主要动词,有以下作用:
2.1表示时态
My parents are discussing this issue now.
English is becoming more and more important nowadays.
2.2表示语态
The glass was broken by Susan.
English is taught through the world.
2.3构成疑问句
Do you like college life?
Did you study English before you came here?
2.4与否定副词not合用,构成否定句
My father doesn’t like to express his feeling in public.
2.5加强语气
Do come to the party tomorrow evening.
Just believe me, I do love you.
3)半助动词
在功能上介于主要动词和助动词之间的一类结构,称为半助动词。常用的半助动词有be about to ,be due to ,be going to ,be likely to ,be meant to , be obliged to , be supposed to , be willing to , have to ,seem to , be unable to ,be willing to 等。
4)情态助动词
情态助动词包括will(would),shall(should),can(could),may(might),must,need,dare,ought to, used to ,had better等,其后接动词原形。情态动词不受主词的人称和数的限制。
He used to be a teacher.
You ought to write to the mayor.

实义动词

概念

实义动词意思完整,能独立做谓语,实义动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词

及物动词

1)概念
所谓及物动词,就是主体把动作传达都客体上。
及物动词特征
本身意义不完整,其后加上宾语才能完整表达意思。及物动词的宾语可以是人也可以是物。
That dog makes the boy happy.
Many people earn their living by writing.
2)及物动词类型
1:单宾语及物动词
后面只有一个宾语(含并列宾语),即:“主+谓+宾”
He reached Paris the day before yesterday.
2:双宾语及物动词
后面有两个宾语,一个指人,一个指物。
指人为间接宾语,指物
为直接宾语,即:“主+谓+双宾”
Please hand me the book over there.
3:复合宾语及物动词
就是一个宾语后面再加一个宾语补足成分,称为宾语补足语,简称“宾补”
即:“主+谓+宾+宾补”
They asked me to go fishing with them.

及物动词类型 示例
单宾语及物动词 accept,allow,begin,believe,bring,buy,clean,close,complain,

court,consider,discover,explain,find,follow,hurt,learn,promise,think

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