DWF低代碼開發技術及其在數字化運營和運維平臺建設中的應用

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"前言","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"2019年以來清華大學軟件學院、大數據系統軟件國家工程實驗室與雲智慧合作，推進大數據系統技術和軟件在智能業務運維領域的應用。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"本文介紹了“清華數爲”大數據應用低代碼開發工具DWF的特點，分享了DWF在基於大數據的數字化業務運營和運維平臺建設中運用的實際案例。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"隨着數字化浪潮的到來，新一代信息技術與業務深度融合的趨勢不可逆轉，越來越多的企業開始通過業務線上化來收集沉澱自己的數據資產，並迫切期望通過具體應用將數據資產轉化成實際價值。然而，面對層出不窮和不斷演化的技術手段，用戶在基於大數據建立有效的應用軟件或系統時往往顯得無所適從，開發資源往往捉襟見肘。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"與此同時，用戶系統和應用所產生的運維數據也呈現大數據的4V特徵（體量巨大、數據類型繁多、價值密度低、處理速度快），如何基於運維大數據快速構建有效的運維繫統，保障IT基礎設施和各類應用穩定運行，提升IT服務管理水平，是企業必須要面對的挑戰。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"通過運用","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"低代碼技術","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，提高IT開發和運維人員效率，讓非IT背景的領域工程師、業務專業人員也能快速開發出面向具體應用場景的智能應用軟件，對於挖掘數據資產價值、提升智能業務運維水平、加強組織數字孿生建設等具有實際意義。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#40A9FF","name":"blue"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"數字化轉型中大數據應用開發面臨的挑戰","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"讓軟件的用戶最大限度地參與到軟件開發中，一直以來都是外界對軟件的期望。從軟件工程的概念被提出至今，人們在這個方向上的努力就一直沒有停止過。進入本世紀第二個十年，通過數字化的手段實現轉型已經變成業內共識，企業對用戶參與軟件開發的需求更加迫切。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"根據一項針對百餘家企業的調查顯示：按照需求明確程度和變化頻繁程度，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"企業謀求數字化轉型過程中的典型應用大致可以分成四類","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，分別是","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"遺留系統升級","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"、","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"新型客戶參與模式","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"、","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"數字化運維提效","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"、","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"其他創新類應用","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"[1, 2]。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/43/432b5208998ddd40c52480675345005e.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}},{"type":"underline","attrs":{}},{"type":"size","attrs":{"size":9}}],"text":"企業數字化轉型中應用項目的分類","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"遺留系統升級處在最下層，需求明確，不會大量變更，主要是希望運用新的技術手段（例如：移動互聯網、雲計算）復刻出原來已經存在的業務，從而提升自身運營效率。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"遺留系統升級之上是新型客戶參與模式和數字化運維提升效率的應用，這兩類應用的需求相對不明確、變化頻度更高，主要是謀求在保留核心業務的基礎上，通過數字化技術升級應用形態。相對而言，屬於較爲可控，又容易看到效果的漸進式轉型。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最上層的稱爲其他創新類應用，其典型特點是需求不明確，需要進行頻繁的反覆修改。一般而言成功的概率非常低，但是企業不得不進行嘗試。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"上述需求相對不明確、變更頻度快的應用項目實施，往往會面臨以下挑戰或問題：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"• 市面上沒有現成的應用程序可以直接購買。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"受限於行業特性以及規模，目前不太會有開發人員爲此專門開發應用；","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"• 現成的解決方案過於複雜或過於昂貴。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"需要購買昂貴的傳統信息化軟件，但是並不能有效解決問題；","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"• 爲客戶提供的系統需要定製的內容較多。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"每個客戶系統有巨大的差異性，大量需求要定製開發，不得不僱傭昂貴的開發人員；","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"• 用戶希望未來可低成本掌控數字化發展能力。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"希望降低軟件從業人員的參與成本。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#40A9FF","name":"blue"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"清華數爲DWF大數據應用開發工具及其特點","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在“低代碼”技術產品崛起的同時，國內的同類產品也紛紛出現。和國外的企業用戶相比，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"國內企業用戶的市場在現階段存在差異，總結起來表現在以下幾個方面：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"第一，企業“自給自足”的核心理念不會改變。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"由於企業自身業務限制或者行業法規決定，主要應用必須在內部部署使用。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"第二，“平臺熱”催生的“應用荒”大量存在。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"隨着轟轟烈烈的大數據平臺或者數據中臺的建設，企業花大力氣收集了大量數據後才發現數據沒有“收藏價值”，需要靠應用輸出“使用價值”，而搭建應用的工作沒有人做。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"第三，行業應用的複雜程度超出想象。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"這並不是簡單的一個APP就能解決，也不是一個“開發高手”就能解決的，因此需要長期的迭代，並希望能夠有所沉澱。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type"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Framework，簡稱DWF）。該項目是清華數爲大數據軟件棧的核心構件之一，目的是爲了支持企業基於大數據系統實現應用軟件的低代碼開發。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"DWF具有如下特點：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"一站式：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"DWF自身追求儘可能簡單的結構，從而使其既能以一個獨立安裝包在非聯網環境下的普通PC上部署啓動，又可以在雲計算或者容器環境下部署，從而滿足企業“私雲公用”的對外平臺搭建應用開發服務的需求，又可以併入容器管理器中成爲微服務。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/d0/d0614139da25a76bc933205245bd7811.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"可配置：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"採用模型驅動（而非代碼驅動）的設計理念，通過組織建模、數據建模、表單建模、功能操作和權限控制直接建模產生系統，避免產生中間形態的代碼和由此引發的變更問題，降低後續測試、維護的成本。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/05/0587c79c2608ab4b3b9a691a5ad35f1d.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"表單建模示例","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"組件化：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"允許在線將全部或者部分模型從系統中導出獨立的模型包組合到其他DWF系統中，既降低了開發技術門檻，又保證了一致的輸出結果，從而方便即時交付系統，即改、即用，快速響應變更需求。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/15/15ace1577de74130ff72fb1c89a95755.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"低碼量：","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"基於模型開展有針對性的擴展編碼工作，減少總編碼量，降低開發難度。配合敏捷定製功能，大幅度減少了代碼量和系統缺陷產生的可能。當出現難以實現的複雜場景的時候，利用SDK進行二次開發，以最小限度優雅地降級到傳統開發模式上。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在上述特點的支持下，基於DWF組織複雜應用時的工作模式如下圖所示。領域專家和現場實施工程師可以使用現成的行業模型包起步，通過","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"無代碼定製、低代碼開發","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"的方式快速形成符合實際業務的應用系統；只有在必要的時候才由專注具體技術的程序員介入實現高難度開發，從而通過分流需求、分級技能的方式","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"降低應用開發的成本，縮短響應週期。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/ce/ce0de1c7fd6eb61a98b682eea1a5819e.png","alt":"圖片","title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#40A9FF","name":"blue"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"DWF運用的典型案例","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"（一）某運營商ICT項目管理系統快速開發","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"ICT業務是運營商更好地服務於政企客戶，實現轉型和謀求長期發展的關鍵。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"爲加強ICT項目管理，某省運營商委託雲智慧定製化開發一套項目管理系統","attrs":{}},{"t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院、大數據系統軟件國家工程實驗室  劉英博","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"參考文獻：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"[1]MESAGLIO M, HOTLE M. Pace-Layered Application Strategy and IT Organizational Design: How to Structure the Application Team for Success, 2016 [M].","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"[2]GOODMAN D. What Can You Build with a Low-Code Platform [M]. 2020.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"[3]RICHARDSON C, RYMER J R J F C, MA, USA. New Development Platforms Emerge For Customer-Facing Applications [J]. 2014, ","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"[4]BUCCHIARONE A, CABOT J, PAIGE R F, et al. Grand challenges in model-driven engineering: an analysis of the state of the research [J]. 2020, 19(1): 5-13.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"[5]WATSON A. OMG (object management group) architecture and CORBA (common object request broker architecture) specification; proceedings of the IEE Colloquium on Distributed Object Management, F, 1994 [C]. IET.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic","attrs":{}}],"text":"[6]SANCHIS R, GARCíA-PERALES Ó, FRAILE F, et al. Low-Code as Enabler of Digital Transformation in Manufacturing Industry [J]. 2020, 10(1): 12.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}}]}