推動區塊鏈基礎設施建設，先要破解區塊鏈發展“三高”難題

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"作者：朱利明，百望雲研究院院長\/BSN發展聯盟副祕書長"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我國區塊鏈行業快速發展，但“三高”難題成爲阻礙"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"自2019年10月中共中央政治局集體學習區塊鏈以來，在最高領導人的指引和政府的大力推動下，我國區塊鏈發展進入快車道，發展思路不斷清晰，共識不斷凝聚，在各方的努力下，已在區塊鏈平臺和應用等多個層面不斷取得豐富成果。據工信部信息技術發展司發佈的最新數據，我國區塊鏈企業已超過1400家，初步形成較爲完善的產業鏈條。產業園區超過40個，專利申請數量全球領先。區塊鏈技術應用向供應鏈管理、數據流通、智能製造等領域快速拓展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"但是我們也看到，在區塊鏈高速發展中也遇到了很多問題，例如全國各地千鏈齊發，形成新的區塊鏈孤島或重複建設；大部分區塊鏈技術公司在Hyperledger Fabric等開源系統的基礎上進行修改，重新造輪子的情況嚴重；區塊鏈項目成本高，動輒百萬起步等，其中以建鏈成本高、技術門檻高和互通成本高，這“三高”難題越來越突出，嚴重阻礙我國區塊鏈的進一步發展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如何解答好“三高”難題，是擺在區塊鏈行業面前的必答題。解答好“三高”難題，對政府的決策者很重要，因爲政府不僅是區塊鏈發展政策的制定者，也是當前最大的區塊鏈項目需求方；解答好“三高”難題，對央國企的決策者很重要，因爲將對企業數字化進程產生重要影響；解答好“三高”難題，對區塊鏈技術企業也很重要，因爲將影響其發展興衰。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"首先，建鏈成本高。目前，搭建聯盟鏈普遍按照節點數報價，常見的四個節點的聯盟鏈報價一般在百萬元以上，再加上區塊鏈應用開發的成本，企業級區塊鏈項目一般都要數百萬元起步。區塊鏈平臺成本高直接影響了區塊鏈應用的廣泛推廣，我們可以設想如果一個區塊鏈應用只能帶來十萬元的收益，但是因爲需要增加區塊鏈平臺的成本會使這個應用變得無法實施，而全國範圍這樣的企業和場景可能有成千上萬，累計可能會有巨大的區塊鏈應用價值由於區塊鏈平臺成本高而被鎖住無法釋放。更爲嚴重的是，企業的區塊鏈應用是不斷髮展和豐富的，但企業在構建第一個區塊鏈應用時即被綁定到了特定的區塊鏈平臺，很可能影響後續區塊鏈應用的構建，甚至會導致區塊鏈平臺的重建，形成巨大的資金和時間成本。這種情況在省市級的區塊鏈基礎設施的場景下會更爲嚴重，當前構建這種級別的區塊鏈平臺的成本一般在數千萬元以上，這會極大影響區塊鏈應用落地的速度和範圍。而省市級區塊鏈基礎設施將支持更加廣泛的區塊鏈應用場景，後期一旦重建影響更大。因此，無論是企業級還是省市級，在構建區塊鏈應用時，應當更加關注區塊鏈平臺的選擇，而不應該只着眼當前的應用場景。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其次，技術門檻高，區塊鏈平臺開發和應用開發沒有形成通用的開發庫，開發學習成本高，限制了現有開發人員快速進入區塊鏈開發領域。當前即使以應用開發爲主的區塊鏈技術公司也需要關注底層開發，維持少則幾人，多則幾十人的區塊鏈平臺開發團隊，而且大部分是在開源系統上進行淺層的定製，重複造輪子的情況嚴重，這很大程度上限制了企業在應用場景進行深耕，也形成了較大的人力成本負擔，區塊鏈企業的高成本也是建鏈成本高的重要原因之一。但是這種選擇又是很多企業的無奈之舉，因爲如果某個區塊鏈項目的預算是20萬，顯然無法支撐外購高成本的區塊鏈平臺，只能組建團隊通過開源系統爲客戶提供低成本的解決方案，但是由於投入不足，又給客戶造成了潛在的後期平臺重建的風險。我們從互聯網等其他IT領域的發展可以看到，大部分技術企業應該專注應用領域的研發，因此很多企業現存的區塊鏈平臺開發團隊或者自研的區塊鏈平臺產品，後續將大部分都會被取代，這也給很多區塊鏈企業帶來了很大的經營風險。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"第三，互通成本高。千鏈齊發和定製平臺加劇了區塊鏈平臺和應用之間的互通互聯複雜性和高成本，最後必然形成大量的重複建設和新的區塊鏈孤島，而區塊鏈核心價值之一就是讓數據可以可信流轉。另外，我國區塊鏈發展的一個關鍵要求是監管合規 - 裝好剎車再上路，當前的發展狀況給區塊鏈監管造成了很大的困難。綜上所述，當前區塊鏈發展面臨的“三高”難題已經嚴重阻礙我國區塊鏈進一步發展，這種情況雖然是區塊鏈發展的歷史階段，具有一定的必然性，但是不解決這些難題，極大降低建鏈成本，極大降低技術門檻，實現跨鏈互通互聯，區塊鏈行業就不會真正迎來爆發式的發展，這在互聯網、通信網絡等歷次技術革命都得到了不斷驗證。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"以互聯網發展史爲鑑，推動區塊鏈基礎設施建設是關鍵"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"如何解決當前區塊鏈發展面臨的“三高”難題？《舊唐書·魏徵傳》上說，以史爲鑑，可以知興替。丘吉爾也有一句名言，“你能看到多遠的過去，就能看到多遠的未來”。區塊鏈將形成價值互聯網，或“互鏈網”，是對現在的信息互聯網的升級，或者下一代互聯網，這一點已經形成越來越廣泛的共識。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"互聯網發展史歷歷在目，可以給區塊鏈發展帶來有益的啓示，讓我們少走彎路，前瞻性地進行戰略決策，儘可能降低區塊鏈自然演進中的巨大成本損耗。互聯網始於1969年美國的ARPANET，而中國是在1994年由中科院錢華林研究員等專家首次實現和互聯網的完全連接。我有幸在中科院跟隨錢老師門下攻讀碩士，多次聆聽錢先生講述互聯網發展歷史，特別是中國互聯網發展歷史。我們看到，互聯網在相當長一段時期內同樣存在當前區塊鏈發展中的“三高”難題。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"首先，組網成本高。錢先生在《互聯網口述系列叢書—錢華林篇》(圖1)中講述，上世紀八十年代，一個以太網接口網卡價格高達萬元，要知道當時普通人每月的工資還不到100元。而現在光纖入戶已經比較普及，有的地區甚至已經是千兆入戶。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其次，技術門檻高，掌握互聯網技術的人很少，需要了解很多協議，開發也很複雜，而現在使用互聯網就像使用水和電一樣方便，開發系統也有很多成熟的工具，只需要專注要解決的應用場景即可。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"最後，互通成本高，互聯網發展中也出現過很多通信協議，例如X.25、OSI、ATM…這些通信協議有的是不同組織制定的，有些是爲了適應不同應用場景制定的，即使都使用OSI協議，不同的企業和組織的實現也不相同，網絡互通成本也很高。而互聯網以上的種種問題，都隨着歷史發展逐步統一到TCP\/IP得到解決。即使某些特定網絡，例如廣電網，由於對QoS等要求長期使用特定架構，但是近年來，向TCP\/IP演進也已經成爲行業的共識。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從以上互聯網發展史可以得到啓示，一個行業公認的區塊鏈基礎設施是解決當前區塊鏈發展“三高”難題的根本方法，也是當前推動區塊鏈發展進入新階段的制高點。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"首先，一個行業公認的區塊鏈基礎設施可以有效解決“建鏈成本高”難題，就像現在互聯網的TCP\/IP協議，已經預裝在每一臺聯網的設備中，不需要再單獨支付高額的費用。區塊鏈作爲一種通信協議，也應該以類似的方式運行在相關的設備中。這樣，企業構建區塊鏈應用不必再爲區塊鏈平臺付出高成本，更多的區塊鏈場景和價值將得到釋放，技術企業也不再需要爲了構建應用而組建區塊鏈平臺研發團隊，應用構建的成本也會大幅度降低。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"其次，一個行業公認的區塊鏈基礎設施可以有效解決“技術門檻高”難題，區塊鏈開發已經高度標準化、組件化，在其上進行開發的技術門檻會越來越低，使用已經普及的開發語言即可進行智能合約的開發，應用開發工程師也不需要了解太多區塊鏈平臺的底層技術，現有的IT開發工程師可以很容易進行區塊鏈應用開發。即使要構建一個特定領域和特點的區塊鏈也會非常容易，只需要對特定模塊進行定製即可，而大部分模塊都可以使用通用組件。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"第三，一個行業公認的區塊鏈基礎設施可以有效解決“互通成本高”難題，不同區塊鏈的底層協議是互通的，共同服務組件也是標準的，跨鏈也類似互聯網網關那樣可以方便的進行互相通聯。區塊鏈的種類也會大大減少，最常用的應用運行在類似互聯網一樣的標準區塊鏈價值網絡和基礎設施之上，自然互通互聯的問題將大大減少。最後，一個行業公認的區塊鏈基礎設施不但可以有效解決“三高”難題，而且還可以解決政府當前需要對成百上千區塊鏈網絡“監管成本高”難題，因爲被監管平臺的數量會大大減少而且標準化程度非常高。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"推動區塊鏈基礎設施建設，是我國引領世界區塊鏈發展的戰略機遇"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我國在政策層面高度重視區塊鏈作爲基礎設施對數字經濟和社會發展的作用，2020年4月20日，國家發改委首次明確新基建三大範圍：信息基礎設施、融合基礎設施和創新基礎設施，其中區塊鏈和人工智能、雲計算一起屬於信息基礎設施中的新技術基礎設施。2021年7月，中國信息通信研究院(以下簡稱“中國信通院”)發佈了《區塊鏈基礎設施研究報告(2021年)》，對“區塊鏈究竟是不是新型基礎設施”、“區塊鏈基礎設施由哪些要素組成”、“區塊鏈基礎設施如何發展”、“區塊鏈基礎設施面臨何種挑戰”、“區塊鏈基礎設施將怎樣演進”等關鍵問題進行了分析和闡述，是關於區塊鏈基礎設施的一份具有很高的參考價值的報告。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"報告指出，區塊鏈基礎設施的核心要素在水平和垂直維度呈現不同特點：水平來看，區塊鏈基礎設施是由具有廣泛接入能力、公共服務能力、可靈活部署的公共鏈網（包括公有鏈或面向非特定應用場景的聯盟鏈），及連接這些區塊鏈的跨鏈系統組成的網絡服務設施；垂直來看，區塊鏈技術協議棧中的資源層、數據層、網絡層、共識層是構成區塊鏈基礎設施節點的必備要素(圖2)。由此可見，區塊鏈基礎設施是一項高度複雜的系統性工程。正如最高領導人在主持中共中央政治局集體學習時強調，我們要把區塊鏈作爲核心技術自主創新的重要突破口，明確主攻方向，加大投入力度，着力攻克一批關鍵核心技術，加快推動區塊鏈技術和產業創新發展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"因此，推動一個行業公認的區塊鏈基礎設施的快速發展不僅是解決“三高”難題和將我國區塊鏈發展推進到歷史新階段的關鍵措施，也是符合最高領導人強調的主攻方向和重要突破口，作者認爲，當前區塊鏈行業一定程度上存在“重應用落地、輕基礎設施”的觀點，甚至沒有應用落地就對區塊鏈持否定態度的觀點非常流行，作者認爲這是錯誤和短視的。這樣會導致區塊鏈應用和基礎設施的緊耦合，最終形成嚴重的區塊鏈孤島和大量的重複建設。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"我們應該注意到，區塊鏈既是應用，又是基礎設施，同時推動應用落地和基礎設施建設是推動區塊鏈發展的一體兩翼，兩者互相促進，同等重要。通過下文的分析，從世界區塊鏈發展的視角來看，甚至區塊鏈基礎設施更爲重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/e1\/28\/e14001226ef5602bde4ff3a1a4bc9128.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"區塊鏈基礎設施的核心要素"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"當我們把視角從國內擴展到全球，研究報告還指出，規模化的全球性區塊鏈基礎設施尚處於起步階段，不同組織、機構、企業選擇了不同切入點，發揮自身優勢去構建規模性區塊鏈基礎設施，目前呈現出四種發展路徑：一是開源社區，運營區塊鏈開放平臺；二是區域平臺，構築區塊鏈節點網絡；三是行業應用，打造區塊鏈業務系統；四是公共服務，建設區塊鏈跨鏈平臺。由此可見，推動通用的全球區塊鏈基礎設施不僅具有重大的戰略價值，而且現在也是難得的時間機遇。在信息時代和互聯網時代的基礎設施，我們都是陪跑者和跟跑者，而在區塊鏈時代，我們可以有一次引領世界區塊鏈發展的機遇，形成區塊鏈領域的TCP\/IP。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/98\/bb\/98420173a4399b0d7ae12f9f5d0bbbbb.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"col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Blockchain Services Infrastructure 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過改變信息的傳輸方式，從而提升通訊效率並提高生產力，推動社會進步。當人數比較多時，第一種方式數據傳遞是線性傳遞，效率比較低，出錯率高。一起開會是數據的廣播式傳遞，效率高，避免出錯、作假或篡改。同理還有微信兩兩溝通和微信羣溝通的區別。通過幾十年的信息化發展，整個社會的信息系統的數量越來也多，而數字化時代的一個重要特點是信息系統之間可以方便地進行數據交換和業務協同，這就像多人進行溝通一樣。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"區塊鏈的本質正是基於互聯網的一種新型的數據傳輸方式，即可以實現多個信息化系統間的廣播式數據交互的技術。這正如互聯網時代的TCP\/IP。因此比EBSI還要早一些，2018年5月，國家信息中心、中國移動、中國銀聯、紅棗科技四家單位啓動了區塊鏈服務網絡(BSN)的研究，BSN不是一個簡單的鏈，而是爲區塊鏈開發者搭建一套跨雲服務、跨門戶、跨底層框架，用於部署和運行區塊鏈應用的全球性公共基礎設施網絡環境，BSN的目標是任何行業的區塊鏈應用都可以接入到BSN上來，讓區塊鏈服務像互聯網一樣方便、低成本和易用，BSN是區塊鏈的互聯網。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從BSN的系統架構圖中可以看到，BSN的核心理念是致力於建設一個基於數據廣播式傳輸協議的互聯網新一代通訊層以及相關的標準協議、雲環境、開發工具和操作系統。因此，BSN打通了門戶、運維中心、城市節點和雲服務完整的區塊鏈服務鏈條，比EBSI的結構更加複雜，功能更加強大。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/7b\/66\/7bf3294856b4993efa51e7663a77f766.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"BSN系統架構圖"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"從BSN的主要功能模塊可以看到BSN充分考慮到了不同國家的監管合規要求，而不是像EBSI限定在歐盟範圍，例如在國內部署聯盟鏈，而國外可以部署公鏈，而且通過豐富的功能模塊可以支持各種應用場景的開發，比EBSI的場景豐富很多。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/db\/06\/db140423bdc10a917cdfbd1a61cdcc06.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"BSN主要功能模塊"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"通過對比使用BSN和自建平臺可以看到，其可以有效的解決了區塊鏈發展的“三高”難題。作爲面向全球的區塊鏈公共基礎設施，和EBSI類似，社會效益也是BSN的重要目標之一，BSN可以將極大降低建設成本，僅爲自建平臺的15%左右。建設工期也可以大幅縮短到之前的四分之一，更爲重要的是，BSN已經完成全部主流區塊鏈平臺的集成和跨鏈打通，實現了全部主流雲平臺的適配，不僅簡化了部署複雜度，而且讓應用不再綁定到某個區塊鏈平臺，這也是單一區塊鏈企業無法做到的。正因爲如此，BSN才能成爲面向全球的區塊鏈基礎設施。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.infoq.cn\/resource\/image\/35\/2c\/35a3a8635bb0a50e1c0f83c3583b702c.png","alt":null,"title":"","style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":"","fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":"center","origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"使用BSN和自建區塊鏈平臺的對比"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"經過三年的快速發展，區塊鏈服務網絡（BSN）已成爲地方政府新近發佈的新型基礎設施建設文件的重要內容和戰略選擇，目前已經被福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