考研英語(1-10)轉自何凱文老師

 

1.       This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.
 
【詞彙突破】
cognitive 認知的 (後天習得的)
Intuitive 先天的
和以上這組單詞概念相同的表達還有:
Nature先天;nurture後天;born 先天的;made 後天的;innate天生的;Acquired後天習得;Determine 決定;
Coupled with 相當於and,類似的表達還有along with、combined with等。
 
【主幹識別】句子的主語是This success和later research ;謂語是led; 賓語是Ericsson; 不定式短語to conclude 做狀語;主幹結構是:This success and later research led Ericsson to conclude that …
 
【其他成分】在research後面接一個現在分詞短語做後置定語,在這個現在分詞短語中that引導的從句做showing 的賓語;在不定式短語中that引導的從句做conclude的賓語;more…than結構翻譯爲與其說,不如說。
 
【微觀解析】由於主語中的第二個並列成分比較長,且是用兩個逗號隔開的,在閱讀的時候可以跳讀;把This success和動詞led先連起來然後再來解析其他成分。
 
【譯文賞析】這種成功和後來表明記憶本身並不是先天決定的研究使Ericsson總結道,記憶的行爲與其說是一種先天的行爲不如說是一種習得的行爲。
 
 
2.       It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
 
【詞彙突破】
visualize 想象
Figure out 發現和找出
Suits 使…適合
【主幹識別】句子主語是由how引導的一個主語從句,it是句子的形式主語;句子主幹爲: How …is not obvious. 在主語從句中主語是capacity,謂語是suits 賓語是one 。
 
【其他成分】狀語爲to answer…主語後加上兩個動詞不定式做後置定語;動詞不定式中的賓語questions後面接一個that引導的定語從句。
 
【難點揭祕】這個句子是一個由形式主語it引導的主語從句,其中難點爲需要識別出主語從句中的動詞suits.
 
【譯文賞析】構思物體和找出數字模型的能力是如何讓一個人去回答那些連最好的詩人和哲學家都回避的問題的,這點我們還不是很清楚。
 
 
3.       Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it knows when to guess or what questions to skip.
 
【詞彙突破】
Toil through (辛苦的經歷);
名詞:Winston Churchill: "Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat.” (丘吉爾演講);
sweat and toil (汗水和辛苦);
He succeeded after years of toil. (他經歷數年的辛勞之後成功了);
SAT 美國高考 全稱爲scholastic assessment test 學術性評估測試;
testify 證實;
matter 這裏是動詞,重要;… matters 事情很重要;
 
【主幹識別】anyone 爲句子的主語,will testify 爲句子謂語,that引導一個賓語從句。
 
【其他成分】that 引導的賓語從句中test-taking skill 爲主語,matters 做謂語,whether 引導一個狀語從句。
 
【譯文賞析】任何一個曾經辛苦的經歷過SAT考試的人都會證實考試的技巧也很重要,無論這種技巧是知道什麼時候去猜還是知道什麼問題應該跳過。
 
【造句】Anyone who has achieved the success to any extent will testify that cooperation matters,  whether it’s individual’s willingness to cooperate or team work spirit of a group.
 
 
4.       During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.
 
【詞彙突破】
count on 依靠;
fair play 公平競爭
 
【主幹識別】the American middle-class family has been transformed主幹是主謂結構被動態。
 
【其他成分】that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure 定語從句修飾middle-class family ;During the past generation和by economic risk and new realities 做狀語。
 
【微觀解析】the American middle-class family 爲句子主語,謂語是has been transformed;During the past generation和by economic risk and new realities 爲狀語;that 引導一個定語從句,that在從句中做主語,謂語爲 could count on, 賓語爲hard work and fair play;to keep itself financially secure爲狀語。
 
【難點揭祕】主語後接了較長的修飾成份使這個句子在閱讀時主幹不容易把握。造成理解的困難。
【譯文賞析】在過去的20多年時間裏,那些曾經依靠辛勤工作和公平競爭就可以保證自己財政收支安全的美國中產階級家庭已經被經濟風險和新的現實所改變。(定語從句前置的翻譯方法來處理這個句子)
 
 
5.       Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes" , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.
 
【詞彙突破】steer 指揮,控制
            precise 精確的
 
【主幹識別】Much of the language makes it sound like precise science.主+謂+賓+賓補結構。
 
【其他成分】used to describe monetary policy過去分詞短語做後置定語修飾the language;such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”形容詞短語;形容詞短語做後置定語修飾the language。
 
【難點揭祕】主語後接了較長的修飾成份使這個句子在閱讀時主幹不容易把握。造成理解的困難。
 
【譯文賞析】有很多用於描述貨幣政策的詞彙,例如"操縱經濟軟着陸"或者"輕踩剎車",使貨幣政策聽起來像是一門精確的科學。沒有什麼比這更遠離實際情況的了。(但這些說法是最不靠譜的,事情遠非如此用來表示強烈的反對 這與I can’t agree with you more有異曲同工之妙)
 
【翻譯點撥】第二個句子的翻譯中可以使用正話反說的方法來進行翻譯,在肯定和否定之間進行轉換。可以參考下面的兩個例子:
(1)An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself. 機會難得。
(2)Such things are of no rare occurrence. 這些事情經常發生。
 
【作文】用於批駁對方的時候就可以用:Nothing could be further from the truth.
 
 
6.       On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
 
【詞彙突破】
agony 痛苦
despair 絕望
prolong 延長
 
【主幹識別】many acknowledge that +賓語從句 (many 作爲代詞表示很多人,或者很多個體)
 
【其他成分】On another level做狀語和in the medical community做定語;the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled by the despair of patients爲賓語從句主幹;
特別提示:fuel本來意思是燃料,但是這裏可以理解爲由於,因爲,加劇的意思;
爲了以後閱讀理解更透徹,可以直接把結構
A is fueled by B 理解爲:
A是結果;B是原因
例句:
China's success is fueled by the age of globalization.
 
【微觀解析】in part賓語從句中的狀語,for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.定語從句修飾patients; 定語從句還原爲一個獨立的句子就是:Modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them. 這個句子中的them 和前面句子中的patients 爲相同名詞,因此在這裏作者將其寫成了一個定語從句,但是在翻譯的時候是要分譯的。
這句話在定語從句的前世和今生:
Suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients.
The modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them.
(兩個句子中出現了共有的名詞patients 和 them,於是them 被換成了whom ;for whom 一併提前。)
 
【難點揭祕】同樣是隔離結構在閱讀的過程中給我們帶來不舒服的感覺,in part 放到了 fueled 和 by 之間,in the medical community放到了many和acknowledge之間。
 
【譯文賞析】在另一個層面上,很多醫療界的人士承認,關於醫生幫助下的自殺的討論,部分是因爲病人的絕望情緒,對病人來說,現代醫學已經延長了死亡的生理的痛苦。
 
【寫作】On another level,many in the educational establishment acknowledge that the debate on the ranking of universities has been fueled in part by the despair of graduates for whom the discrimination brought by the ranking of university has put more obstacles on their job hunting way.
 
 
7.       The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
 
【詞彙突破】
illustrate 例證;
in terms of 根據,以…爲依據;
 
【主幹識別】The trend was most obvious and can be illustrated. 主系表結構兩個並列的動詞。
 
【其他成分】naturally ,in those areas of science, in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom爲狀語。
 
【微觀解析】based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修飾狀語中的名詞science做定語。
 
【難點揭祕】naturally 和 especially 副詞做狀語放的位置都不是在開頭和結尾,而是放在了中間部分,這樣給我們閱讀帶來一定的困擾,但是難點既亮點,我們在寫作的過程中就可以靈活的運用:based especially on這樣的表達了。
 
【譯文賞析】很自然,這種趨勢會在尤以數學或實驗室訓練爲基礎的自然學科領域中表現的最爲明顯,並且可以用英國地質學的發展作爲例證來說明。
 
【翻譯點撥】把副詞放到開頭來翻譯,正是體現了前面所講到的副詞很多時候就是在修飾整個句子。
 
 
8.       The report identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end--of--life care.
 
【詞彙突破】
under treatment 治療不足
aggressive 1.侵略的,侵犯的 2.好鬥的,挑釁的 3.有進取精神的;有幹勁的 4.大膽的
dishonor 使丟臉,使受恥辱
medical procedures 醫療手段
 
【主幹識別】The report identifies…and…as the twin problems of end--of--life care 主謂賓賓補結構;the under treatment of pain和 the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying 爲並列的賓語成分。
 
【微觀解析】that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying爲定語從句修飾ineffectual and forced medical procedures,定語從句中有兩個並列的動詞prolong and dishonor做謂語。
 
【難點揭祕】這個句子的困難之處就在於並列賓語的後半部分加上了一個定語從句進而使identify 和as 之間的距離拉大,產生了閱讀障礙。
 
【譯文賞析】報告把對疼痛處理不夠和大膽使用可能延長死亡期甚至讓病人死的不體面的無效的和強制的醫療手段確定爲臨終關懷的兩個問題。報告確定了臨終關懷的兩個問題,一是對疼痛處理不夠,二是大膽的使用可能延長死亡期甚至讓病人死的不體面的那些無效和強制的醫療手段。
 
【翻譯點撥】這個句子的翻譯主要考察對於詞的理解: dishonor the period of dying 直接翻譯就是:使死亡的階段受到恥辱。可以轉譯爲:讓病人死的不體面。中文是習慣是以人爲主體的。還有就是medical procedures 表示醫療手段而不要翻譯爲醫療過程。
 
 
9.       The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.
 
【詞彙突破】
inspired 有激發性的
establishment 機構,建立
nonetheless 但是
case 事實,實情
 
【主幹識別】The notion would seem merely silly. 主系表結構
 
【其他成分】that learning should have in it an element of inspired play 同位語從句修飾notion;主幹爲that learning should have an element of inspired play,是主謂結構;in it 爲狀語。to the greater part of the academic establishment狀語。
 
【難點揭祕】這個句子的難點就是在主幹中加入了狀語和同位語從句使句子結構變得複雜。很多同學會對but 和 nonetheless 連用感到困惑。兩個句子之間是需要連詞連接的,but是連詞,起連接兩個句子的作用。但是兩個句子之間的轉折關係並不是像but所表達的那樣強烈,前後兩句之間爲“部分肯定”的轉折關係,因此使用nonetheless 轉折副詞,表明轉折的意味並不強烈。這裏的but也可以換爲and。
 
【譯文賞析】大多數的學術機構認爲在學習中加入有啓發性玩耍的理念是非常愚蠢的,但是這樣的事情確實常常發生的。
 
【翻譯點撥】】把狀語翻譯爲中文中的主謂結構,我們也可以翻譯爲:“對於大多數的學術機構而言”,但是翻譯爲中文的主謂結構更簡潔,that is the case 如果翻譯爲這就是事實,沒有能表達出準確的句意。就正如邁克爾傑克遜的紀念電影this is it 我們翻譯爲:就是這樣。
 
 
10.   An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the cla***oom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the cla***oom for broader reasons of radical education reform.
 
【詞彙突破】
argue for 支持
argue against 反對
on the behalf of = on behalf of 代表
career prospects 就業前景
radical 徹底的,根本的,激進的
 
【主幹識別】An invisible border divides those and those. 主謂賓結構。
 
【其他成分】arguing for computers in the cla***oom on the behalf of students’ career prospects 和arguing for computers in the cla***oom for broader reasons of radical education reform 現在分詞短語分別修飾兩個those作後置定語。
 
【微觀解析】arguing for computers in the cla***oom on the behalf of students’ career prospects相當於who argue for computers in the cla***oom on the behalf of students’ career prospects.
 
【難點揭祕】divide those …and those…在兩個those後面加上了很長的修飾成分造成了結構識別的困難。
 
【譯文賞析】一條無形的界限將支持計算機進課堂的人分爲兩類:一類人是從學生的職業前景思考的,另一類人想的是像教育的徹底改革這樣的一些更廣泛的理由。
 
【翻譯點撥】在翻譯的過程中,我們把arguing for computers in the cla***oom放到了those 前作漢語中的前置定語再把過長的定語部分單獨成句,這樣更符合中文的表達習慣。
 
 
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