一直對多線程編程這一塊很陌生,決定花一點時間整理一下。
os:ubuntu 10.04 c++
1.最基礎,進程同時創建5個線程,各自調用同一個函數
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h> //多線程相關操作頭文件,可移植衆多平臺
-
- using namespace std;
-
- #define NUM_THREADS 5 //線程數
-
- void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- cout << "hello..." << endl;
- } //函數返回的是函數指針,便於後面作爲參數
-
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS]; //線程id
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], NULL, say_hello, NULL ); //參數:創建的線程id,線程參數,線程運行函數的起始地址,運行函數的參數
- if( ret != 0 ) //創建線程成功返回0
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- pthread_exit( NULL ); //等待各個線程退出後,進程才結束,否則進程強制結束,線程處於未終止的狀態
- }
輸入命令:g++ -o muti_thread_test_1 muti_thread_test_1.cpp -lpthread
注意:
1)此爲c++程序,故用g++來編譯生成可執行文件,並且要調用處理多線程操作相關的靜態鏈接庫文件pthread。
2)-lpthread 編譯選項到位置可任意,如g++ -lpthread -o muti_thread_test_1 muti_thread_test_1.cpp
3)注意gcc和g++的區別,轉到此文:點擊打開鏈接
測試結果:
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_1
- hello...hello...
- hello...
- hello...
-
- hello...
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_1
- hello...hello...hello...
-
- hello...
- hello...
可知,兩次運行的結果會有差別,這不是多線程的特點吧?這顯然沒有同步?還有待進一步探索...
多線程的運行是混亂的,混亂就是正常?
2.線程調用到函數在一個類中,那必須將該函數聲明爲靜態函數函數
因爲靜態成員函數屬於靜態全局區,線程可以共享這個區域,故可以各自調用。
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h>
-
- using namespace std;
-
- #define NUM_THREADS 5
-
- class Hello
- {
- public:
- static void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- cout << "hello..." << endl;
- }
- };
-
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS];
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], NULL, Hello::say_hello, NULL );
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- pthread_exit( NULL );
- }
測試結果:
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_2
- hello...
- hello...
- hello...
- hello...
- hello...
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_2
- hello...hello...hello...
-
-
- hello...
- hello...
3.如何在線程調用函數時傳入參數呢?
先看下面修改的代碼,傳入線程編號作爲參數:
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h> //多線程相關操作頭文件,可移植衆多平臺
-
- using namespace std;
-
- #define NUM_THREADS 5 //線程數
-
- void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- int i = *( (int*)args ); //對傳入的參數進行強制類型轉換,由無類型指針轉變爲整形指針,再用*讀取其指向到內容
- cout << "hello in " << i << endl;
- } //函數返回的是函數指針,便於後面作爲參數
-
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS]; //線程id
- cout << "hello in main.." << endl;
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], NULL, say_hello, (void*)&i ); //傳入到參數必須強轉爲void*類型,即無類型指針,&i表示取i的地址,即指向i的指針
- cout << "Current pthread id = " << tids[i] << endl; //用tids數組打印創建的進程id信息
- if( ret != 0 ) //創建線程成功返回0
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- pthread_exit( NULL ); //等待各個線程退出後,進程才結束,否則進程強制結束,線程處於未終止的狀態
- }
測試結果:
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_3
- hello in main..
- Current pthread id = 3078458224
- Current pthread id = 3070065520
- hello in hello in 2
- 1
- Current pthread id = hello in 2
- 3061672816
- Current pthread id = 3053280112
- hello in 4
- Current pthread id = hello in 4
- 3044887408
顯然不是想要的結果,調用順序很亂,這是爲什麼呢?
這是因爲多線程到緣故,主進程還沒開始對i賦值,線程已經開始跑了...?
修改代碼如下:
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h> //多線程相關操作頭文件,可移植衆多平臺
-
- using namespace std;
-
- #define NUM_THREADS 5 //線程數
-
- void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- cout << "hello in thread " << *( (int *)args ) << endl;
- } //函數返回的是函數指針,便於後面作爲參數
-
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS]; //線程id
- int indexes[NUM_THREADS]; //用來保存i的值避免被修改
-
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- indexes[i] = i;
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], NULL, say_hello, (void*)&(indexes[i]) );
- if( ret != 0 ) //創建線程成功返回0
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- pthread_join( tids[i], NULL ); //pthread_join用來等待一個線程的結束,是一個線程阻塞的函數
- }
測試結果:
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_3
- hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread 30124
這是正常的嗎?感覺還是有問題...待續
代碼中如果沒有pthread_join主線程會很快結束從而使整個進程結束,從而使創建的線程沒有機會開始執行就結束了。加入pthread_join後,主線程會一直等待直到等待的線程結束自己才結束,使創建的線程有機會執行。
4.線程創建時屬性參數的設置pthread_attr_t及join功能的使用
線程的屬性由結構體pthread_attr_t進行管理。
typedef struct
{
int detachstate; 線程的分離狀態
int schedpolicy; 線程調度策略
struct sched_param schedparam; 線程的調度參數
int inheritsched; 線程的繼承性
int scope; 線程的作用域
size_t guardsize; 線程棧末尾的警戒緩衝區大小
int stackaddr_set; void * stackaddr; 線程棧的位置
size_t stacksize; 線程棧的大小
}pthread_attr_t;
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h>
-
- using namespace std;
-
- #define NUM_THREADS 5
-
- void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- cout << "hello in thread " << *(( int * )args) << endl;
- int status = 10 + *(( int * )args); //線程退出時添加退出的信息,status供主程序提取該線程的結束信息
- pthread_exit( ( void* )status );
- }
-
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS];
- int indexes[NUM_THREADS];
-
- pthread_attr_t attr; //線程屬性結構體,創建線程時加入的參數
- pthread_attr_init( &attr ); //初始化
- pthread_attr_setdetachstate( &attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE ); //是設置你想要指定線程屬性參數,這個參數表明這個線程是可以join連接的,join功能表示主程序可以等線程結束後再去做某事,實現了主程序和線程同步功能
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- indexes[i] = i;
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], &attr, say_hello, ( void* )&( indexes[i] ) );
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- pthread_attr_destroy( &attr ); //釋放內存
- void *status;
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- int ret = pthread_join( tids[i], &status ); //主程序join每個線程後取得每個線程的退出信息status
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_join error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- else
- {
- cout << "pthread_join get status:" << (long)status << endl;
- }
- }
- }
測試結果:
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_4
- hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread 0hello in thread 321
-
-
-
- 4
- pthread_join get status:10
- pthread_join get status:11
- pthread_join get status:12
- pthread_join get status:13
- pthread_join get status:14
5.互斥鎖的實現
互斥鎖是實現線程同步的一種機制,只要在臨界區前後對資源加鎖就能阻塞其他進程的訪問。
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h>
-
- using namespace std;
-
- #define NUM_THREADS 5
-
- int sum = 0; //定義全局變量,讓所有線程同時寫,這樣就需要鎖機制
- pthread_mutex_t sum_mutex; //互斥鎖
-
- void* say_hello( void* args )
- {
- cout << "hello in thread " << *(( int * )args) << endl;
- pthread_mutex_lock( &sum_mutex ); //先加鎖,再修改sum的值,鎖被佔用就阻塞,直到拿到鎖再修改sum;
- cout << "before sum is " << sum << " in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
- sum += *( ( int* )args );
- cout << "after sum is " << sum << " in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
- pthread_mutex_unlock( &sum_mutex ); //釋放鎖,供其他線程使用
- pthread_exit( 0 );
- }
-
- int main()
- {
- pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS];
- int indexes[NUM_THREADS];
-
- pthread_attr_t attr; //線程屬性結構體,創建線程時加入的參數
- pthread_attr_init( &attr ); //初始化
- pthread_attr_setdetachstate( &attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE ); //是設置你想要指定線程屬性參數,這個參數表明這個線程是可以join連接的,join功能表示主程序可以等線程結束後再去做某事,實現了主程序和線程同步功能
- pthread_mutex_init( &sum_mutex, NULL ); //對鎖進行初始化
-
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- indexes[i] = i;
- int ret = pthread_create( &tids[i], &attr, say_hello, ( void* )&( indexes[i] ) ); //5個進程同時去修改sum
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- pthread_attr_destroy( &attr ); //釋放內存
- void *status;
- for( int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i )
- {
- int ret = pthread_join( tids[i], &status ); //主程序join每個線程後取得每個線程的退出信息status
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_join error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- }
- cout << "finally sum is " << sum << endl;
- pthread_mutex_destroy( &sum_mutex ); //註銷鎖
- }
測試結果:
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_5
- hello in thread hello in thread hello in thread 410
- before sum is hello in thread 0 in thread 4
- after sum is 4 in thread 4hello in thread
-
-
- 2
- 3
- before sum is 4 in thread 1
- after sum is 5 in thread 1
- before sum is 5 in thread 0
- after sum is 5 in thread 0
- before sum is 5 in thread 2
- after sum is 7 in thread 2
- before sum is 7 in thread 3
- after sum is 10 in thread 3
- finally sum is 10
可知,sum的訪問和修改順序是正常的,這就達到了多線程的目的了,但是線程的運行順序是混亂的,混亂就是正常?6.信號量的實現
信號量是線程同步的另一種實現機制,信號量的操作有signal和wait,本例子採用條件信號變量pthread_cond_t tasks_cond;
信號量的實現也要給予鎖機制。
- #include <iostream>
- #include <pthread.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
-
- using namespace std;
-
- #define BOUNDARY 5
-
- int tasks = 10;
- pthread_mutex_t tasks_mutex; //互斥鎖
- pthread_cond_t tasks_cond; //條件信號變量,處理兩個線程間的條件關係,當task>5,hello2處理,反之hello1處理,直到task減爲0
-
- void* say_hello2( void* args )
- {
- pthread_t pid = pthread_self(); //獲取當前線程id
- cout << "[" << pid << "] hello in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
-
- bool is_signaled = false; //sign
- while(1)
- {
- pthread_mutex_lock( &tasks_mutex ); //加鎖
- if( tasks > BOUNDARY )
- {
- cout << "[" << pid << "] take task: " << tasks << " in thread " << *( (int*)args ) << endl;
- --tasks; //modify
- }
- else if( !is_signaled )
- {
- cout << "[" << pid << "] pthread_cond_signal in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
- pthread_cond_signal( &tasks_cond ); //signal:向hello1發送信號,表明已經>5
- is_signaled = true; //表明信號已發送,退出此線程
- }
- pthread_mutex_unlock( &tasks_mutex ); //解鎖
- if( tasks == 0 )
- break;
- }
- }
-
- void* say_hello1( void* args )
- {
- pthread_t pid = pthread_self(); //獲取當前線程id
- cout << "[" << pid << "] hello in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
-
- while(1)
- {
- pthread_mutex_lock( &tasks_mutex ); //加鎖
- if( tasks > BOUNDARY )
- {
- cout << "[" << pid << "] pthread_cond_signal in thread " << *( ( int* )args ) << endl;
- pthread_cond_wait( &tasks_cond, &tasks_mutex ); //wait:等待信號量生效,接收到信號,向hello2發出信號,跳出wait,執行後續
- }
- else
- {
- cout << "[" << pid << "] take task: " << tasks << " in thread " << *( (int*)args ) << endl;
- --tasks;
- }
- pthread_mutex_unlock( &tasks_mutex ); //解鎖
- if( tasks == 0 )
- break;
- }
- }
-
-
- int main()
- {
- pthread_attr_t attr; //線程屬性結構體,創建線程時加入的參數
- pthread_attr_init( &attr ); //初始化
- pthread_attr_setdetachstate( &attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE ); //是設置你想要指定線程屬性參數,這個參數表明這個線程是可以join連接的,join功能表示主程序可以等線程結束後再去做某事,實現了主程序和線程同步功能
- pthread_cond_init( &tasks_cond, NULL ); //初始化條件信號量
- pthread_mutex_init( &tasks_mutex, NULL ); //初始化互斥量
- pthread_t tid1, tid2; //保存兩個線程id
- int index1 = 1;
- int ret = pthread_create( &tid1, &attr, say_hello1, ( void* )&index1 );
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- int index2 = 2;
- ret = pthread_create( &tid2, &attr, say_hello2, ( void* )&index2 );
- if( ret != 0 )
- {
- cout << "pthread_create error:error_code=" << ret << endl;
- }
- pthread_join( tid1, NULL ); //連接兩個線程
- pthread_join( tid2, NULL );
-
- pthread_attr_destroy( &attr ); //釋放內存
- pthread_mutex_destroy( &tasks_mutex ); //註銷鎖
- pthread_cond_destroy( &tasks_cond ); //正常退出
- }
測試結果:先在線程2中執行say_hello2,再跳轉到線程1中執行say_hello1,直到tasks減到0爲止。
- wq@wq-desktop:~/coding/muti_thread$ ./muti_thread_test_6
- [3069823856] hello in thread 2
- [3078216560] hello in thread 1[3069823856] take task: 10 in thread 2
-
- [3069823856] take task: 9 in thread 2
- [3069823856] take task: 8 in thread 2
- [3069823856] take task: 7 in thread 2
- [3069823856] take task: 6 in thread 2
- [3069823856] pthread_cond_signal in thread 2
- [3078216560] take task: 5 in thread 1
- [3078216560] take task: 4 in thread 1
- [3078216560] take task: 3 in thread 1
- [3078216560] take task: 2 in thread 1
- [3078216560] take task: 1 in thread 1
到此,對多線程編程有了一個初步的瞭解,當然還有其他實現線程同步的機制,有待進一步探索。