系統設備類型
Linux中，設備是以文件的形式存放在/etc目錄下，其中磁盤文件一般命名爲/etc/xdxn
第一個x：磁盤類型（s：sata硬盤、u盤等 h：IDE硬盤 v：虛擬硬盤）
第二個x：a...z 第幾塊硬盤
n爲數字，表示分區所在的個數 硬盤分區命令：fdisk
[root@server ~]# fdisk -l ##-l參數，列出指定設備的分區，如果沒有指定，使用/proc/patitions的內容
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors ##v虛擬磁盤，a第一塊磁盤
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors ##第二塊虛擬磁盤
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
這個測試環境是一臺虛擬機，有兩塊硬盤，第一塊安裝了操作系統，我們用第二塊硬盤來進行測試
[root@server ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb ##fdisk磁盤分區工具來編輯第二塊硬盤：/dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x5ebdcaac.
Command (m for help): m ##按m獲取幫助
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel ##設定設備標籤
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ##刪除設備
g create a new empty GPT partition table ##創建一個GPT分區表
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table ##創建一個IRIX分區表
l list known partition types ##列出設備類型
m print this menu ##打印這個菜單
n add a new partition ##新建一個分區
o create a new empty DOS partition table ##創建一個dos分區表
p print the partition table ##顯示分區表
q quit without saving changes ##退出分區工具
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id ##改變分區功能標籤
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ##保存更改的分區表並退出
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): g ##測試就選最新的，創建一個GPT分區表
Building a new GPT disklabel (GUID: 7AC1B0AC-BCB7-4F21-9ED0-A9A1A03D20A0)
Command (m for help): n ##創建一個新的分區
Partition number (1-128, default 1): ##分區號
First sector (2048-20971486, default 2048): ##分區起始扇區
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971486, default 20971486): +1G ##分區結束扇區，+大小直接指定分區大小
Created partition 1 ##創建成功
Command (m for help): p ##p打印分區表查看
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt
# Start End Size Type Name
1 2048 2099199 1G Linux filesyste ##被劃分出來的分區
Command (m for help): w ##保存並退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
系統能夠識別的
mount[root@server ~]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 1048576 vdb1 ##vdb1就是我們新建的分區
分區建立以後，如果我們需要使用，還需要進行格式化和掛載操作
Linux中的文件系統有vfat、ext2、ext4、xfs等
xfs是RHEL7的標準文件系統：支持最大分區9EB、傳輸效率可達7G/s
格式化：
[root@server ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 ##將vdb1分區格式化爲xfs格式
meta-data=/dev/vdb1 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=65536 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=262144, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
###查看可用分區：blkid###
[root@server ~]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="8eacbc25-87a4-4ed6-9400-040491ded23a" TYPE="xfs" PARTUUID="d32de79e-e1f0-4f08-ae0e-fe749a9ed052"
掛載mount：
[root@server ~]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt ##掛載/dev/vdb1到/mnt下
[root@server ~]# df [root@server ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition 2 is deleted
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 is deleted[root@server ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition 2 is deleted
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 is deleted
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
##顯示目前系統中文件系統的使用情況
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3160848 7313052 31% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 140 484780 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 12796 472124 3% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1 1038336 32928 1005408 4% /mnt ##掛載點
[root@server ~]# touch /mnt/file1 ##寫入成功
###我們可以通過添加參數來控制掛載的文件系統的權限###
[root@server ~]# mount -o ro /dev/vdb1 /mnt ##-o ro只讀，rw可讀寫
###掛載後修改參數###
[root@server ~]# mount -o remount,ro /dev/vdb1 /mnt
swap分區的建立
[root@server ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n ##創建一個分區
Partition number (2-128, default 2): ##分區號2
First sector (2099200-20971486, default 2099200):
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-20971486, default 20971486): +1G ##大小1G
Created partition 2
Command (m for help): t ##改變分區標籤
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition type (type L to list all types): l ##列出分區標籤
1 EFI System C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B
2 MBR partition scheme 024DEE41-33E7-11D3-9D69-0008C781F39F
......................................................................
12 Linux filesystem 0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
13 Linux RAID A19D880F-05FC-4D3B-A006-743F0F84911E
14 Linux swap 0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F
15 Linux LVM E6D6D379-F507-44C2-A23C-238F2A3DF928
16 Linux reserved 8DA63339-0007-60C0-C436-083AC8230908
17 FreeBSD data 516E7CB4-6ECF-11D6-8FF8-00022D09712B
18 FreeBSD boot 83BD6B9D-7F41-11DC-BE0B-001560B84F0F
.......................................................................
Partition type (type L to list all types): 14 ##14 Linux swap
Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux swap'
##### w保存退出
[root@server ~]# cat /proc/partitions ##查看系統可識別的分區
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 1048576 vdb1未顯示我們剛剛創建的swap分區，可以使用partprobe命令同步分區表
[root@server ~]# partprobe ##同步分區表
[root@server ~]# cat /proc/partitions ##重新查看
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 1048576 vdb1
253 18 1048576 vdb2 ##vdb2分區
swap分區的管理
[root@server ~]# swapon -s ##查看系統中的swap分區
[root@server ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb2 ##格式化/dev/vdb2分區爲swap分區格式
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1048572 KiB
no label, UUID=62d5d396-bd15-439b-a7c4-a07970410a8e
[root@server ~]# swapon -a /dev/vdb2 ##激活swap分區
[root@server ~]# swapon -s ##再次查看，swap分區生效
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb2 partition 1048572 0 -1
上面掛載分區，激活swap分區都是臨時性的操作，如果想要自動掛載，需要修改fstab文件
文件位置：/etc/fstab
##設備 掛載點 文件系統 掛載參數默認 不備份 不檢測
/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/vdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0
清理實驗環境
[root@server ~]# vim /etc/fstab ##刪除fstab中的自動掛載內容
[root@server ~]# umount /dev/vdb1 ##卸載vdb1分區
[root@server ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb2 partition 1048572 0 -1
[root@server ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb2 ##關閉激活的swap分區
[root@server ~]# swapon -s
[root@server ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb ##刪除創建的vdb1、vdb2分區
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d ##選項d 刪除分區
Partition number (1,2, default 2):
Partition 2 is deleted
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 is deleted
Command (m for help): w ##寫入硬盤並退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
