Ubuntu18.04 環境搭建——軟件包管理

1. 軟件包管理工具

Debian Linux 發行版（Debian、Ubuntu、Kali 等）選用 Advanced Package Tools (APT) 作爲默認的軟件包管理工具，軟件包以 .deb 格式發佈。.deb 是 Debian 軟件包的標準發行格式，是 Ubuntu 軟件包管理的存儲基礎。

dpkg 是最基本的軟件包管理命令，它的直接作用對象是 .deb 軟件包，可以執行軟件包的安裝、升級、卸載等操作，缺點是無法自動處理依賴。

apt-get 是 dpkg 的替代品，它的直接作用對象是包名，而非軟件包本身。apt-get 可以自動從預定的來源（物理光盤或網絡軟件源）同步軟件資源列表並執行相關操作，同時自動處理依賴。

2. 軟件包命名規則

Linux 軟件包遵循一定的命名規則：名稱-版本號-修正號.類型，例如：

• abc-1.2.3-1.tar.gz，gzip 歸檔壓縮文件；
• abc-1.2.3-1.i386.rpm，rpm 是 RedHat Linux 軟件包標準發行格式；
• abc-1.2.3-1.deb，deb 是 Debian Linux 軟件包標準發行格式。

3. 添加軟件源

/etc/apt/sources.list 用於配置默認軟件源，/etc/apt/sources.list.d/ 目錄下的每個 *.list 文件也具有相同的功能，在獨立文件中配置軟件源，可以減少用戶操作對系統本身的影響，通常用於安裝第三方軟件。

Linux 支持配置多個軟件源，在同步軟件資源列表時，依次向各個軟件源發送請求，直到成功獲取所需資源。因此，冗餘軟件源會降低軟件管理效率。推薦的做法是，保留默認軟件源，定期更新常用軟件源。

國內軟件源，推薦清華源、網易源和阿里源：

sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list.d/default.list  # 添加軟件源

# tsinghua
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse

# 163
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# aliyun
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

4. 安裝常用軟件

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y vim screen gcc g++ git git-core make cmake curl unzip openssh-client openssh-server
sudo apt-get install -y aptitude build-essential clang libpcre3 libpcre3-dev openssl libssl-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev libtool
sudo apt-get install -y python python3 python-dev python3-dev python-pip python3-pip