Nginx-技術專題-技術介紹

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx 介紹","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":" 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","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 是由伊戈爾·賽索耶夫爲俄羅斯訪問量第二的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rambler.ru","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 站點開發的，第一個公開版本 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"0.1.0","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 發佈於 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"2004","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 年 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"10","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 月 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"4","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 日。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":" ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}}],"text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}}],"text":" 特點是佔有內存少，併發能力強。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 事實上 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 的併發能力確實在同類型的網頁服務器中表現較好，一般來說，如果我們在項目中引入了 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" ，我們的項目架構可能是這樣：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/81/819abfa66c3293a1421b20667056be3e.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 這樣的架構中 ， ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 所代表的角色叫做負載均衡服務器或者反向代理服務器，所有請求首先到達 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 上，再由 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 根據提前配置好的轉發規則，將客戶端發來的請求轉發到某個 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tomcat","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 上去。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那麼這裏涉及到兩個概念：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"負載均衡服務器","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 就是進行請求轉發，降低某一個服務器的壓力。負載均衡策略很多，也有很多層，對於一些大型網站基本上從 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"DNS","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 就開始負載均衡，負載均衡有硬件和軟件之分，各自代表分別是 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"F5","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 和 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" （目前 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 已經被 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"F5","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 收購），早些年，也可以使用 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apache","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 來做負載均衡，但是效率不如 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" ，所以 現在主流方案是 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反向代理服務器","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 另一個概念是反向代理服務器，得先說正向代理，看下面一張圖：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/6a/6ab28e8e5d2101880964fa49c9e33a61.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":" 在這個過程中，Google 並不知道真正訪問它的客戶端是誰，它只知道這個中間服務器在訪問它。因此，這裏的代理，實際上是中間服務器代理了客戶端，這種代理叫做正向代理。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 那麼什麼是反向代理呢？看下面一張圖：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/a6/a6b596c01021c166723f175154ef4cee.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 在這個過程中，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"10086 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"這個號碼相當於是一個代理，真正提供服務的，是話務員，但是對於客戶來說，他不關心到底是哪一個話務員提供的服務，只需要記得 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"10086 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"這個號碼就行了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 所有的請求打到 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"10086 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"上，再由 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"10086 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"將請求轉發給某一個話務員去處理。因此，在這裏，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"10086 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"就相當於是一個代理，只不過它代理的是話務員而不是客戶端，這種代理稱之爲","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"反向代理","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx 優勢","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx 有着非常廣泛的使用，隨便舉幾點：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":null,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Nginx 做","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://yq.aliyun.com/go/articleRenderRedirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Ft.cn%2FAigDWnXB","title":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"靜態資源服務器","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"：Java 中的資源可以分爲動態和靜態，動態需要經過 Tomcat 解析之後，才能返回給瀏覽器，例如 JSP 頁面、Freemarker 頁面、控制器返回的 JSON 數據等，都算作動態資源，動態資源經過了 Tomcat 處理，速度必然降低。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"對於靜態資源，例如圖片、HTML、JS、CSS 等資源，這種資源可以不必經過 Tomcat 解析，當客戶端請求這些資源時，之間將資源返回給客戶端就行了。此時，可以使用 Nginx 搭建靜態資源服務器，將靜態資源直接返回給客戶端。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Nginx 做負載均衡服務器","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，無論是使用 Dubbo 還是 Spirng Cloud ，除了使用各自自帶的負載均衡策略之外，也都可以使用 Nginx 做負載均衡服務器。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"支持高併發、內存消耗少、成本低廉、配置簡單、運行穩定等。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx 安裝","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由於基本上都是在 Linux 上使用 Nginx，因此松哥這裏主要向大家展示 CentOS 7 安裝 Nginx：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先下載 Nginx","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然後解壓下載的目錄，進入解壓目錄中，在編譯安裝之前，需要安裝兩個依賴：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然後開始編譯安裝：","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"裝好之後，默認安裝位置在 ：","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"進入到該目錄的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"sbin","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 目錄下，執行 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 即可啓動 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" ：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/78/784214f3346c9294cd7872612a41f91e.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx 啓動成功之後，在瀏覽器中直接訪問 Nginx 地址：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/85/85b4cbb0a14a94af6bbfbf2d34b851b3.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"看到如上頁面，表示 Nginx 已經安裝成功了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果修改了 Nginx 配置，則可以通過如下命令重新加載 Nginx 配置文件：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx搭建靜態資源web服務器","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx默認會訪問index.html頁面.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 例如，如下圖配置, 當訪問","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://yq.aliyun.com/go/articleRenderRedirect?url=http%3A%2F%2F172.16.204.5%3A90%2F","title":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"http://172.16.204.5:90/","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"時, 默認會訪問安裝目錄下的mine_html目錄中的index.html文件.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/8e/8ed02d9de581b516261a37c33df3fcec.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"設置Nginx的gzip壓縮:","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/71/71e2ef376c4d0e3cdb3623fdc2dac298.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx支持訪問文件樹","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"效果如下(如果訪問的url路徑下有index.html, 默認還是會跳到index.html頁面):","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c1/c17ebce9f82f3a60f7814766a941932c.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"要達到上圖中的效果,","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Nginx","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"的配置文件需要添加如下設置:","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/ce/cee640c17d239e498a2605215a33b240.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 添加上圖中的配置後, 客戶端訪問","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://yq.aliyun.com/go/articleRenderRedirect?url=http%3A%2F%2F172.16.204.5%3A90%2F","title":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"http://172.16.204.5:90/","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"時, 會以樹的格式展示mine_html中的所有文件. 使用這種方式可以很好的共享靜態資源.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在生產環境中","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 公網的帶寬是有限的, 併發情況下各個客戶端會爭搶帶寬資源, 爲了防止訪問大的靜態資源對其他用戶造成影響, 可以設置nginx響應的帶寬. 例如如下圖設置, nginx給客戶端響應時會以每秒1k的速度響應.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/aa/aaf05edcb3ab082426c0ec221cc90255.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx緩存服務器上的靜態文件","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx緩存的優點","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/ca/ca4f7c9d2e8de54e82b20a03567511f5.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 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