Nginx-技术专题-技术介绍

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx 介绍","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":" 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","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 是由伊戈尔·赛索耶夫为俄罗斯访问量第二的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Rambler.ru","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 站点开发的，第一个公开版本 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"0.1.0","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 发布于 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"2004","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 年 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"10","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 月 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"4","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 日。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":" 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事实上 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 的并发能力确实在同类型的网页服务器中表现较好，一般来说，如果我们在项目中引入了 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" ，我们的项目架构可能是这样：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/81/819abfa66c3293a1421b20667056be3e.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 这样的架构中 ， ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 所代表的角色叫做负载均衡服务器或者反向代理服务器，所有请求首先到达 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 上，再由 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 根据提前配置好的转发规则，将客户端发来的请求转发到某个 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tomcat","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 上去。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"那么这里涉及到两个概念：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"负载均衡服务器","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 就是进行请求转发，降低某一个服务器的压力。负载均衡策略很多，也有很多层，对于一些大型网站基本上从 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"DNS","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 就开始负载均衡，负载均衡有硬件和软件之分，各自代表分别是 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"F5","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 和 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" （目前 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 已经被 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"F5","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 收购），早些年，也可以使用 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Apache","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 来做负载均衡，但是效率不如 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" ，所以 现在主流方案是 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反向代理服务器","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 另一个概念是反向代理服务器，得先说正向代理，看下面一张图：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/6a/6ab28e8e5d2101880964fa49c9e33a61.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":" 在这个过程中，Google 并不知道真正访问它的客户端是谁，它只知道这个中间服务器在访问它。因此，这里的代理，实际上是中间服务器代理了客户端，这种代理叫做正向代理。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 那么什么是反向代理呢？看下面一张图：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/a6/a6b596c01021c166723f175154ef4cee.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 在这个过程中，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"10086 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"这个号码相当于是一个代理，真正提供服务的，是话务员，但是对于客户来说，他不关心到底是哪一个话务员提供的服务，只需要记得 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"10086 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"这个号码就行了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 所有的请求打到 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"10086 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"上，再由 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"10086 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"将请求转发给某一个话务员去处理。因此，在这里，","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"10086 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"就相当于是一个代理，只不过它代理的是话务员而不是客户端，这种代理称之为","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"反向代理","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx 优势","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx 有着非常广泛的使用，随便举几点：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":null,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Nginx 做","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://yq.aliyun.com/go/articleRenderRedirect?url=http%3A%2F%2Ft.cn%2FAigDWnXB","title":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"静态资源服务器","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#F5222D","name":"red"}},{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"：Java 中的资源可以分为动态和静态，动态需要经过 Tomcat 解析之后，才能返回给浏览器，例如 JSP 页面、Freemarker 页面、控制器返回的 JSON 数据等，都算作动态资源，动态资源经过了 Tomcat 处理，速度必然降低。","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"对于静态资源，例如图片、HTML、JS、CSS 等资源，这种资源可以不必经过 Tomcat 解析，当客户端请求这些资源时，之间将资源返回给客户端就行了。此时，可以使用 Nginx 搭建静态资源服务器，将静态资源直接返回给客户端。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Nginx 做负载均衡服务器","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"，无论是使用 Dubbo 还是 Spirng Cloud ，除了使用各自自带的负载均衡策略之外，也都可以使用 Nginx 做负载均衡服务器。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":3,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"支持高并发、内存消耗少、成本低廉、配置简单、运行稳定等。","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx 安装","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由于基本上都是在 Linux 上使用 Nginx，因此松哥这里主要向大家展示 CentOS 7 安装 Nginx：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"首先下载 Nginx","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然后解压下载的目录，进入解压目录中，在编译安装之前，需要安装两个依赖：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"numberedlist","attrs":{"start":1,"normalizeStart":1},"content":[{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":1,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"然后开始编译安装：","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"listitem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":2,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"装好之后，默认安装位置在 ：","attrs":{}}]}],"attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"进入到该目录的 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"sbin","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 目录下，执行 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" 即可启动 ","attrs":{}},{"type":"codeinline","content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx","attrs":{}}],"marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":" ：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/78/784214f3346c9294cd7872612a41f91e.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx 启动成功之后，在浏览器中直接访问 Nginx 地址：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/85/85b4cbb0a14a94af6bbfbf2d34b851b3.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"看到如上页面，表示 Nginx 已经安装成功了。","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如果修改了 Nginx 配置，则可以通过如下命令重新加载 Nginx 配置文件：","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx搭建静态资源web服务器","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx默认会访问index.html页面.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 例如，如下图配置, 当访问","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://yq.aliyun.com/go/articleRenderRedirect?url=http%3A%2F%2F172.16.204.5%3A90%2F","title":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"http://172.16.204.5:90/","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"时, 默认会访问安装目录下的mine_html目录中的index.html文件.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/8e/8ed02d9de581b516261a37c33df3fcec.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"设置Nginx的gzip压缩:","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/71/71e2ef376c4d0e3cdb3623fdc2dac298.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx支持访问文件树","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"效果如下(如果访问的url路径下有index.html, 默认还是会跳到index.html页面):","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/c1/c17ebce9f82f3a60f7814766a941932c.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"要达到上图中的效果,","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong","attrs":{}}],"text":"Nginx","attrs":{}},{"type":"text","text":"的配置文件需要添加如下设置:","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/ce/cee640c17d239e498a2605215a33b240.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 添加上图中的配置后, 客户端访问","attrs":{}},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://yq.aliyun.com/go/articleRenderRedirect?url=http%3A%2F%2F172.16.204.5%3A90%2F","title":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"http://172.16.204.5:90/","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"text","text":"时, 会以树的格式展示mine_html中的所有文件. 使用这种方式可以很好的共享静态资源.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在生产环境中","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 公网的带宽是有限的, 并发情况下各个客户端会争抢带宽资源, 为了防止访问大的静态资源对其他用户造成影响, 可以设置nginx响应的带宽. 例如如下图设置, nginx给客户端响应时会以每秒1k的速度响应.","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/aa/aaf05edcb3ab082426c0ec221cc90255.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":1},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx缓存服务器上的静态文件","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nginx缓存的优点","attrs":{}}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/ca/ca4f7c9d2e8de54e82b20a03567511f5.png","alt":"","title":"","style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":1,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":" 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