國產14nm芯片將於明年量產，可滿足70%生產需求

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"國產芯片產業一直處在追趕世界領先技術的狀態，雖然在先進工藝上與全球芯片巨頭還存在不小的差距，但隨着近年來逐步發力，突圍已成必然。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"國產 14nm 芯片將於明年量產"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"此前行業預判，28nm 將是 100% 國產芯片的新起點，將有望在今年實現量產，而國產 14nm 芯片則有望在明年實現量產。近日，據"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/tech.huanqiu.com\/article\/43doz8a3hco","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"環球網"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"報道，中國電子信息產業發展研究院電子信息研究所所長溫曉君在接受採訪時表示，國產 14nm 芯片明年底可以實現量產，國產芯片已經迎來最好的時刻。“認同行業預判，儘管面臨着技術方面的難題，但已看到希望。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"對於國產 14nm 芯片的發展現狀，溫曉君也做了進一步說明。在他看來，14nm 芯片的發展攻克了許多技術難題：刻蝕機、薄膜沉積等關鍵裝備實現了從無到有，批量應用在大生產線上；14nm 工藝研發取得突破；後道封裝集成技術成果全面實現量產；拋光劑和濺射靶材等上百種關鍵材料通過大生產線考覈進入批量銷售。而這些成果基本覆蓋了我國集成電路全產業鏈體系，扭轉了之前工藝技術全套引進的被動局面。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"溫曉君表示，“14nm 甚至 28nm 芯片國產化快速發展意味着，我們採用退回策略，用成熟工藝滿足一般性的芯片需要，不一味追求高製程，更加重視設計、封裝優化，以時間來換取半導體應用和全產業鏈自主的空間。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"據瞭解，雖然當前我國芯片製造產業在技術上已做好生產 7nm 芯片的準備，但當芯片進入 7nm 製程以後，生產中必須要用到 EUV 光刻機，而當前全球僅有荷蘭 ASML 可生產 EUV 光刻機。也因此，7nm 芯片還未能實現 100% 國產化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"值得一提的是，14nm 芯片雖然相較世界領先的 7nm、5nm 工藝還存在不小的差距，但也能滿足大部分的芯片生產需求。溫曉君認爲，14-12nm 這一代的生產線，在目前半導體中非常的關鍵，14nm 製程及以上能夠滿足目前 70% 半導體制造工藝的需要，定位中端的 5G 芯片均採用了 12nm 工藝。另外，14nm 基本能滿足我國國產臺式 CPU 需要的製程的需要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"至於國產 14nm 芯片量產後該如何進一步發展，溫曉君認爲，後續擴大產能還需要做好資金支持，包括光刻機、清洗設備、拋光儀器等所需設備不僅價格昂貴，且在使用過程中需要耗費大量的水和電；其次，需要在原材料、元器件等供應商層面上做好整合工作，提前做好客戶導入，確保產能得到充分利用。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"國產自研芯片的困境和希望"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"由於起步較晚，國產芯片產業一直處在追趕世界領先技術的狀態，也因爲同樣的原因，中國芯片主要在依靠進口進行供應。公開資料顯示：芯片一直是中國進口金額最大的商品。根據海關公開數據，2019 年，中國芯片進口額 3040 億美元，超過原油、鐵礦砂、糧食總和 3016 億美元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"中美貿易摩擦背景之下，美國的步步緊逼對芯片技術進行了進一步封鎖。整體來看，國產芯片仍然在經受着製造、產能等方面的限制。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2020 年，美國政府對華爲、中芯國際等芯片企業的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/uajl6y2Zgl5ZJKDFIIzv","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"政策不斷收緊"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"。美國政府在 5 月公佈了“禁止向華爲出售使用美系設備生產的芯片的制裁方案”。8 月 17 日，美國商務部再發表聲明稱，禁止使用美系設備的公司向全世界 21 個國家的 38 家華爲子公司銷售芯片。繼禁止使用美國“設備”之後，美國又禁止了使用其專利等美國“技術”的公司向華爲供應芯片。9 月，美國政府又對中芯國際施加了出口限制，任何受該出口限制令影響的供應商若想繼續給中芯國際供貨，就得向美國政府申請出口許可證。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"困境之下，國產芯片也加速實現了突圍。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"2020 年 10 月 11 日，中芯國際被曝 7nm 先進製程芯片取得了重大突破，其首款"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/VINExhMY83QuWj6BRyG5","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“N+1”"}]},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"工藝芯片流片成功。據瞭解，該公司已完成全球首個基於中芯國際 FinFET N+1 先進工藝的芯片流片和測試，所有 IP 全自主國產，功能一次測試通過，爲國產半導體生態鏈的發展起到了不小的推動作用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"資料顯示，“N+1”是中芯國際對其第二代先進工藝的代號，其與現有的 14nm 工藝相比，性能提升了 20%，功耗降低了 57%，邏輯面積縮小了 63%，SoC 面積減少了 55%，也被稱爲“國產版”的 7nm 芯片技術。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"面對長期高投入和技術積累的強大對手，我國芯片企業都面臨着巨大的壓力。但值得一提的是，隨着中興 7nm 芯片走向商用，中芯國際“N+1”工藝成功流片，可以看到，我國芯片企業已經明顯加快了追趕先進製程的步伐，加之“N+1”工藝對 EUV 光刻機依賴度的降低，爲我國先進製程芯片的完全國產化帶來了希望。"}]}]}