全球芯片荒影響特斯拉交付，馬斯克抱怨兩家汽車芯片大廠是“最大的問題”

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當前對汽車行業來說，“缺芯”是最棘手的難題。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"馬斯克抱怨瑞薩和博世的芯片供應是“最大問題”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"8 月 12 日，方舟投資管理公司首席執行官凱西·伍德(Cathie Wood)發佈推文，分析了特斯拉 7 月份中國製造汽車在本地交付量大幅下降的情況。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"當日晚些時候，特斯拉首席執行官埃隆·馬斯克在回覆伍德的"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-08-12\/tesla-s-musk-calls-renesas-and-bosch-s-chip-supply-problematic","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"推文"}]},{"type":"text","text":"中表示：“特斯拉在上半季度生產出口汽車，下半季度爲本地市場生產。正如公開披露的那樣，我們正在某些‘標準’汽車芯片的供應鏈極端限制下運營。到目前爲止，問題最大的是瑞薩和博世。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/resource\/image\/a8\/81\/a8254eb769cb128ba946902b19005f81.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":[{"key":"width","value":"75%"},{"key":"bordertype","value":"none"}],"href":null,"fromPaste":true,"pastePass":true}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據瞭解，瑞薩 (Renesas) 和博世 (Bosch)是汽車芯片製造行業的兩大巨頭。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其中，瑞薩總部位於日本，該公司於 2010 年 4 月由瑞薩科技從三菱電機和日立拆分而來，後加入了從 NEC 拆分而來的 NEC 電子。近年來，瑞薩完成了多筆併購：2017 年以 32 億美元（約合 207 億元人民幣）收購了美國芯片製造商 Intersil；2019 年以 67 億美元（約合 434 億元人民幣）收購美國芯片製造商 Integrated Device Technology；2020年以 60 億美元（約合 388.7 億元人民幣）收購英國芯片製造商 Dialog Semiconductor。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了是特斯拉的供應商，瑞薩還是豐田、本田等日本汽車製造商的關鍵芯片供應商。根據市場研究機構 Omdia 的數據，瑞薩的全球市場份額爲 17%，僅次於荷蘭恩智浦。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"今年 3 月 19 日，瑞薩位於日本茨城縣 Naka 的芯片廠於凌晨 2:47 發生火災，當日上午 8:12 消防部門確認大火被撲滅。在 2 日後的新聞發佈會上，瑞薩方面表示大火是由電鍍設備故障引起的，警察和消防部門的官員正在對此進行調查。另據瞭解，該起火的廠房停工約 1 個月後重新營運，但直到 6 月底才恢復至火災前 100% 的產能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"瑞薩的這場大火讓本就喫緊的汽車芯片市場雪上加霜。瑞薩電子公司首席執行官柴田英利針對本次火災事件時介紹說，發生火災的 300 毫米直徑晶圓工廠中，三分之二的芯片產品屬於汽車芯片。他表示，此次發生火災，導致公司半導體產品庫存非常緊缺。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"博世總部位於德國，公司成立於 1886 年。今年 6 月，博世在德國開設了一家耗資 10 億歐元（約合 76 億元人民幣）的芯片工廠，該工廠位於 Dresden 附近的一個半導體中心。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"信息顯示，該工廠於 7 月份開始生產電動工具芯片，汽車芯片的產量將從 9 月份開始。博世表示，該工廠將生產安裝在電動和混合動力汽車上的傳感器芯片，這些芯片有助於增加電動汽車的續航里程。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"值得一提的是，馬斯克並不是汽車行業第一個指責瑞薩和博世阻礙汽車產量的人。今年早些時候，福特汽車公司將東京北部瑞薩電子工廠的火災列爲其生產計劃的主要風險。大衆汽車公司的一位發言人在 1 月份告訴路透社，大衆汽車公司與包括博世在內的主要供應商就可能就半導體短缺相關的損害索賠進行了談判。"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片短缺致汽車行業損失慘重"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"由於從發動機管理到駕駛員輔助系統的幾乎一切要素都離不開芯片，汽車行業在本輪供應短缺中或成爲最大輸家。福特、大衆以及捷豹路虎等企業已經關閉部分工廠、被迫裁員並削減汽車產量。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"美國諮詢公司 AlixPartners 的數據顯示，全球芯片短缺將使今年的汽車產量減少約 390 萬輛，使製造商損失近 1100 億美元的收入。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"全球第四大汽車製造商 Stellantis 日前表示，"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzU1NDA4NjU2MA==&mid=2247535557&idx=1&sn=ad25e40800a95817fc92729da00de5d7&chksm=fbeaf20acc9d7b1c829bf1c67f6e4c6c6d601156840b44f98b32e42289102c40faa776e767ed&scene=27#wechat_redirect","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"芯片短缺問題"}]},{"type":"text","text":"在過去一個季度中有持續惡化的趨勢。作爲菲亞特 - 克萊斯勒與標緻汽車製造商 PSA 合併建立的新企業，該公司首席財務官 Richard Palmer 認爲目前的態勢很可能延續至 2022 年。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"彭博社此前報道稱，由於芯片供應短缺，部分汽車製造商不得不在產品中剔除某些高端功能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"據報道，日產公司就決定將部分車型中的標配導航系統去除；而 RAM Trucks 也取消了 1500 輛皮卡上配備的防盲區“智能”後視鏡。RAM 公司發言人向我們澄清，“由於智能後視鏡所使用的電子元件供應受限，RAM 公司目前已經停止在所有 Tradesman、Bighorn、Rebel 以及 Laramie 車型上使用這款配件。”但 RAM 計劃在今年晚些時候供應恢復後重新上線這項功能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Plurimi Investment Managers 公司 CIO Patrick Armstrong 在今年 5 月接受採訪時，表達了更爲悲觀的預期。在他看來，“只要聽聽福特、寶馬、大衆的真實感受，就會意識到目前的汽車產能體系中出現了嚴重瓶頸，他們拿不到生產新車所需要的芯片。”他認爲這種情況或將持續 18 個月之久。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“缺芯”壓力下，已有汽車公司開始尋求解局之道。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"7 月 27 日，馬斯克在財報電話會議上表示，爲了應對芯片短缺造成的危機，特斯拉正在"},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.infoq.cn\/article\/8vcKhh9qxKsfrSzpgYbT","title":"xxx","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"重寫其汽車軟件"}]},{"type":"text","text":"，以支持替代芯片。“我們使用了替代芯片，然後花幾周時間編寫固件，”馬斯克說。“這不僅僅是更換芯片那麼簡單，還必須要重寫軟件。”"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不過，軟件開發通常都是一個漫長的過程，至於何時才能夠解決“缺芯”難題，一切還是個未知數。"}]}]}