很多人可能像我一樣，英文水平捉襟見肘，在寫論文的時候十分惱火，通篇採用"We have proposed xxx", “XX is important”, "We can use xxx to handle xxx"這類句式，論文的檔次一下子就沒了。地道的英語多被動，句式喜多變，多掌握一些常用句式能夠很好地提升paper的可讀性，順便還能提升自己的英文水平。
以下內容主要轉載自 Academic Phrasebank（可以自行百度下載完整版 Academic Phrasebank有所篩選。
Introduction寫作指南
- 陳述研究背景，以及本篇論文的研究價值、意義
- 指出該領域存在的問題，爭議
- 確定本篇論文聚焦的主題或關鍵詞
- 對該領域之前工作作一個的概覽和回顧
- 簡要介紹本篇論文的工作和創新點
強調研究主題的重要性：
- 顯式重要型
- X is fundamental to …
- X has a pivotal role in …
- X is frequently prescribed for …(X通常用於…)
- X is fast becoming a key instrument in …(X正在迅速成爲…中的關鍵工具)
- X plays a vital role in the metabolism of …(X在…的代謝中起着至關重要的作用)
- X plays a critical role in the maintenance of …(X在維護…方面起着至關重要的作用。)
- X is essential for a wide range of technologies.(X對於廣泛的技術至關重要。)
- X can play an important role in addressing the issue of …
- There is evidence that X plays a crucial role in xxx …(有證據表明X在xxx中起着至關重要的作用…)
- 隱式重要性
- The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.（X的問題已受到相當多的關注。）
- The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many …（在過去的十年中，X在許多領域得到了快速發展。）
- X is a common condition which has considerable impact on …
- Since it was reported/proposed in 2002, X has been attracting a lot of interest.（自從2002年被報道/提出以來，X引起了人們的極大興趣。）
- Recently, a considerable literature has grown up around the theme of …（最近，以…爲主題的大量文學不斷涌現。）
- Evidence suggests that X is among the most important factors for …（有證據表明，X是影響…的最重要因素。）
- In the history of xxx, X has been thought of as a key factor in …（在xxx的歷史中，X被認爲是…中的關鍵因素。）
強調這個領域研究者和相關工作較少：
- XXX had been a largely under explored domain（under 表否定、下等，XXX在很大程度上尚未被開發）
- too little work has been devoted to (對…投入的工作太少)
強調當前研究中存在的困難：
- One of the main obstacles …(主要障礙之一…)
- One of the greatest challenges …
- A key issue is the safe disposal of …(一個關鍵問題是如何安全處置…)
- The main disadvantage of X is that …
- X is associated with increased risk of …(X與…風險增加相關)
- It is now well established that X can impair …(現在已經確定X可以削弱/損害…)
- X is one of the most frequently stated problems with …（X是關於…的最常見問題之一）
- The main challenge faced by many experiments is the …（許多實驗面臨的主要挑戰是…）
- Lack of X has existed as a xxx problem for many years.（多年來，X的缺乏一直是xxx問題。）
- X is a major public problem, and the main cause of … （X是一個主要的公共問題，並且是…的主要原因）
- Despite its long success, X has a number of problems in use.（儘管取得了長足的成功，但X在使用中仍然存在許多問題。）
- There is an urgent need to address the (safety) problems caused by …(迫切需要解決由…引起的(安全)問題。)
- Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:(儘管具有安全性和有效性，但X仍具有幾個主要缺點：)
- 強調研究中存在的困難還可以用如下說法(注意加一些轉折副詞, however, nevertheless…)：
- X may cause …
- X is limited by …
- X suffers from …(X有…問題)
- X is too expensive to be used for …（X用於…代價很高）
- X has accentuated the problem of …（X加劇了…的問題）
- the performance of X is limited by …
- X could be a contributing factor to …（X可能是導致…的因素）
- the synthesis of X remains a major challenge.（X的合成仍然是一個重大挑戰。）
- research has consistently shown that X lacks …（研究一直表明X缺乏…）
- a major problem with this kind of application/method is …
- the determination of X is technically challenging.(X的確定在技術上具有挑戰性。)
- current methods of X have proven to be unreliable.(X的當前方法已被證明是不可靠的。)
- these rapid changes are having a serious effect on …(這些迅速的變化正在嚴重影響…)
- X can be adversely affected under certain conditions.(X在某些情況下可能受到不利影響。)
文獻概述常用句式
-
Recent evidence suggests that …
-
Previous studies have reported …
-
Several studies have documented …
-
Studies of X show the importance of …
-
Several attempts have been made to …
-
A number of researchers have reported …
-
Previous research comparing X and Y has found …
-
Existing research recognizes the critical role
played by …（現有研究認識到…的關鍵作用） -
Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.(最近，研究人員檢查了X對Y的影響。)
-
Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that .
-
Factors found to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.(在幾項研究中已經探索出發現影響X的因素。)
-
Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on …(過去二十年的研究提供了有關…的重要信息。)
-
A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
-
In the past two decades, a number of researchers have sought to determine …(在過去的二十年中，許多研究人員試圖確定…)
-
There have been a number of longitudinal studies involving X that have reported …(有很多涉及X的縱向研究報告了…)
-
It has been + ()型:(小夥伴們最喜歡的It is xxx that句式來了，初中英語必備_)
noted/argued/shown/reported/assumed/suggested/established/demonstrated/conclusively shown that…
強調研究的價值和意義：
- This research sheds new light on …
- This study provides new insights into …
- The study offers some important insights into …
- The present study fills a gap in the literature by …（本研究填補了文獻中的空白通過…）
- Understanding the link between X and Y will help …
- The present research explores, for the first time, the effects of …(本研究首次探索了…的影響)
- The findings should make an important contribution to the field of …
- This study provides an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge of …(這項研究提供了令人興奮的機會，可以增進我們對…的瞭解。)
- This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring …(本研究旨在通過探索…來爲這一不斷髮展的研究領域做出貢獻。)
- Therefore, this study makes a major contribution to research on X by demonstrating … (因此，該研究通過證明…對X的研究做出了重大貢獻。)
概括本篇論文的結構(一般在Introduction最後)：
- The first section of this paper will examine…(本文的第一部分將研究…)
- My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.(我的論文由四個主題章節組成。)
- The essay has been organised in the following way.(文章的組織方式如下。)
- The remaining part of the paper proceeds as follows: …(本文的其餘部分組織如下：)
- The main issues addressed in this paper are: a), b and c).
- This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with …
- The contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows:
- The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter. Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how … The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that … Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during …（本研究的總體結構爲六章形式，包括本介紹性章節。 第二章從闡述研究的理論維度開始，並着眼於…第三章與研究方法有關。第四節介紹研究結果，重點介紹三個主要主題。 …第6章分析了在…期間進行的訪談結果主要以小組討論的形式進行。）