1. download source code of C5.0 from http://www.rulequest.com/GPL/C50.tgz
2. 解壓後進入目錄，開始編譯
make得到以下錯誤：
make: /bin/csh: Command not found3. 安裝必要組建：
sudo apt-get install tcsh4. 編譯後生成可執行文件: c5.0
5. 測試，使用數據集合soybean, 可以從uci上下載，我使用了其自帶的。
5.1 (a)一般測試：
./c5.0 -f Samples/soybeanC5.0 [Release 2.07 GPL Edition] Sun May 13 13:04:25 2012
-------------------------------
Options:
Application `Samples/soybean'
Read 450 cases (35 attributes) from Samples/soybean.data
Decision tree:
stem = abnorm:
:...int-discolor = brown: brown-stem-rot (30.8/0.8)
: int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (11.3/0.3)
: int-discolor = none:
: :...plant-growth = norm:
: :...seed-discolor = present:
: : :...canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (0)
: : : canker-lesion = N/A: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (8.1/0.1)
: : : canker-lesion = brown: anthracnose (2)
: : : canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (7.1/0.1)
: : seed-discolor = absent:
: : :...leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: frog-eye-leaf-spot (0)
: : leafspots-marg = N/A: anthracnose (21.8/0.8)
: : leafspots-marg = w-s-marg:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: frog-eye-leaf-spot (36/1)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (29)
: plant-growth = abnorm:
: :...leaves = norm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (14)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...plant-stand = normal:
: :...seed = norm: diaporthe-stem-canker (15.2/0.2)
: : seed = abnorm: anthracnose (5.1/0.1)
: plant-stand = lt-normal:
: :...area-damaged in {scattered,
: : upper-areas}: anthracnose (3.2/1.2)
: area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (61.2/2.2)
: area-damaged = whole-field: herbicide-injury (4.7/2.2)
stem = norm:
:...fruit-pods = diseased: purple-seed-stain (2/1)
fruit-pods = few-present: cyst-nematode (12.1/0.1)
fruit-pods = norm:
:...leafspot-size = N/A:
:...leaves = norm: purple-seed-stain (4)
: leaves = abnorm: powdery-mildew (17.7/1.7)
leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion in {brown,dk-brown-blk}: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (10)
: leafspots-marg = w-s-marg:
: :...seed-size = norm: bacterial-blight (15)
: seed-size = lt-norm: bacterial-pustule (2)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...mold-growth = present: downy-mildew (12)
mold-growth = absent:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (8)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (21/1)
date = july: frog-eye-leaf-spot (10/5)
date in {september,
: october}: alternarialeaf-spot (50/3)
date = june:
:...precip = lt-norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
: precip in {norm,gt-norm}: brown-spot (15)
date = august:
:...severity = severe: alternarialeaf-spot (0)
severity = minor: frog-eye-leaf-spot (5/1)
severity = pot-severe: alternarialeaf-spot (12/3)
Evaluation on training data (450 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
31 24( 5.3%) <<
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) <-classified as
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
15 (a): class diaporthe-stem-canker
11 (b): class charcoal-rot
14 (c): class rhizoctonia-root-rot
59 1 (d): class phytophthora-rot
30 (e): class brown-stem-rot
16 (f): class powdery-mildew
12 (g): class downy-mildew
64 3 (h): class brown-spot
15 (i): class bacterial-blight
12 (j): class bacterial-pustule
14 (k): class purple-seed-stain
2 30 1 (l): class anthracnose
1 11 1 (m): class phyllosticta-leaf-spot
56 3 (n): class alternarialeaf-spot
1 6 44 (o): class frog-eye-leaf-spot
8 (p): class diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight
12 (q): class cyst-nematode
4 (r): class 2-4-d-injury
1 3 (s): class herbicide-injury
Attribute usage:
99% stem
54% int-discolor
46% plant-growth
44% fruit-pods
42% leafspot-size
30% mold-growth
28% leaves
28% leaf-malf
26% leafspots-marg
26% date
23% seed-discolor
20% plant-stand
16% area-damaged
14% fruiting-bodies
10% canker-lesion
4% seed
4% precip
4% severity
4% seed-size
Evaluation on test data (233 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
31 37(15.9%) <<
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) <-classified as
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
5 (a): class diaporthe-stem-canker
9 (b): class charcoal-rot
1 5 (c): class rhizoctonia-root-rot
28 (d): class phytophthora-rot
14 (e): class brown-stem-rot
4 (f): class powdery-mildew
8 (g): class downy-mildew
1 24 (h): class brown-spot
5 (i): class bacterial-blight
1 7 (j): class bacterial-pustule
6 (k): class purple-seed-stain
11 (l): class anthracnose
2 3 2 (m): class phyllosticta-leaf-spot
27 5 (n): class alternarialeaf-spot
2 7 30 1 (o): class frog-eye-leaf-spot
7 (p): class diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight
2 (q): class cyst-nematode
12 (r): class 2-4-d-injury
3 1 (s): class herbicide-injury
Time: 0.0 secs5.2 (a) 十次交叉實驗
./c5.0 -f Samples/soybean -X 10C5.0 [Release 2.07 GPL Edition] Sun May 13 12:56:54 2012
-------------------------------
Options:
Application `Samples/soybean'
Cross-validate using 10 folds
Read 450 cases (35 attributes) from Samples/soybean.data
Read 233 cases from Samples/soybean.test
[ Fold 1 ]
Decision tree:
leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion = brown: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: phytophthora-rot (4.3/0.1)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (10.2/0.2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (15.8/0.8)
: leafspots-marg = w-s-marg:
: :...seed-size = norm: bacterial-blight (19/1)
: seed-size = lt-norm: bacterial-pustule (3.1/1.1)
leafspot-size = N/A:
:...int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (20/2)
: int-discolor = brown:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: brown-stem-rot (33.7/0.7)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (3/0.7)
: int-discolor = none:
: :...leaves = norm:
: :...seed-discolor = absent:
: : :...plant-growth = norm: anthracnose (21)
: : : plant-growth = abnorm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (17)
: : seed-discolor = present:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: purple-seed-stain (8)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (4.8)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...stem = norm:
: :...plant-growth = norm: powdery-mildew (19.7/1.7)
: : plant-growth = abnorm: cyst-nematode (3.7/0.3)
: stem = abnorm:
: :...plant-stand = normal:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.7)
: : leaf-malf = absent:
: : :...seed = norm: diaporthe-stem-canker (19/1)
: : seed = abnorm: anthracnose (9)
: plant-stand = lt-normal:
: :...fruiting-bodies = absent: phytophthora-rot (44.2/6.9)
: fruiting-bodies = present:
: :...roots = galls-cysts: phytophthora-rot (0)
: roots = norm: anthracnose (9.9/0.9)
: roots = rotted: phytophthora-rot (12.2/2.1)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...roots = galls-cysts: cyst-nematode (6.7/0.1)
roots = rotted:
:...area-damaged = upper-areas: phytophthora-rot (0)
: area-damaged in {scattered,whole-field}: herbicide-injury (4.7/0.7)
: area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (27.2)
roots = norm:
:...mold-growth = present:
:...leaves = norm: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (6.3)
: leaves = abnorm: downy-mildew (18)
mold-growth = absent:
:...fruit spots = distort: brown-spot (0)
fruit spots = N/A: brown-stem-rot (7)
fruit spots = colored:
:...fruit-pods = few-present: frog-eye-leaf-spot (0)
: fruit-pods = norm: brown-spot (2)
: fruit-pods = diseased: frog-eye-leaf-spot (56)
fruit spots = brown-w/blk-specks:
:...seed = norm: brown-spot (2)
: seed = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
fruit spots = absent:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (9)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (32)
fruiting-bodies = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (26/1)
date in {september,
: october}: alternarialeaf-spot (68/4)
date = june:
:...precip = lt-norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (4)
: precip in {norm,gt-norm}: brown-spot (22/1)
date = july:
:...precip in {lt-norm,
: : norm}: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
: precip = gt-norm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (9/3)
date = august:
:...seed-tmt = none: alternarialeaf-spot (15/4)
seed-tmt = other: frog-eye-leaf-spot (3)
seed-tmt = fungicide: [S1]
SubTree [S1]
germination = 90-100%: frog-eye-leaf-spot (5)
germination in {80-89%,lt-80%}: alternarialeaf-spot (7/2)
Evaluation on hold-out data (68 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
42 6( 8.8%) <<
[ Fold 2 ]
Decision tree:
leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion = brown: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: phytophthora-rot (4.1/0.1)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (10.2/0.2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (16.8/0.8)
: leafspots-marg = w-s-marg:
: :...seed-size = norm: bacterial-blight (18)
: seed-size = lt-norm: bacterial-pustule (3/1)
leafspot-size = N/A:
:...int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (20/2)
: int-discolor = brown:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: brown-stem-rot (31.6/0.6)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.8/0.7)
: int-discolor = none:
: :...leaves = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (17)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...seed-discolor = absent: anthracnose (22)
: : seed-discolor = present:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: purple-seed-stain (8)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (4.8)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...stem = norm:
: :...plant-growth = norm: powdery-mildew (19.7/1.7)
: : plant-growth = abnorm: cyst-nematode (3.7/0.3)
: stem = abnorm:
: :...plant-stand = normal:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.7)
: : leaf-malf = absent:
: : :...seed = norm: diaporthe-stem-canker (19/1)
: : seed = abnorm: anthracnose (9)
: plant-stand = lt-normal:
: :...fruiting-bodies = absent: phytophthora-rot (45.7/6.1)
: fruiting-bodies = present:
: :...roots = galls-cysts: phytophthora-rot (0)
: roots = norm: anthracnose (9.9/0.9)
: roots = rotted: phytophthora-rot (11.8/2)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...roots = galls-cysts: cyst-nematode (6.7/0.1)
roots = rotted:
:...area-damaged = upper-areas: phytophthora-rot (0)
: area-damaged in {scattered,whole-field}: herbicide-injury (4.6/0.6)
: area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (25.6)
roots = norm:
:...mold-growth = present:
:...leaves = norm: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (6.3)
: leaves = abnorm: downy-mildew (18)
mold-growth = absent:
:...fruit spots = distort: brown-spot (0)
fruit spots = N/A: brown-stem-rot (9)
fruit spots = colored:
:...fruit-pods = few-present: frog-eye-leaf-spot (0)
: fruit-pods = norm: brown-spot (2)
: fruit-pods = diseased: frog-eye-leaf-spot (56)
fruit spots = brown-w/blk-specks:
:...seed = norm: brown-spot (2)
: seed = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
fruit spots = absent:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (9)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (29)
fruiting-bodies = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (27/1)
date = october: alternarialeaf-spot (30/1)
date = june:
:...severity = minor: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (4)
: severity in {pot-severe,
: severe}: brown-spot (23/1)
date = july:
:...precip in {lt-norm,
: : norm}: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
: precip = gt-norm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (9/4)
date = september:
:...stem = norm: alternarialeaf-spot (38/4)
: stem = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
date = august:
:...seed-tmt = none: alternarialeaf-spot (16/3)
seed-tmt = other: frog-eye-leaf-spot (3)
seed-tmt = fungicide: [S1]
SubTree [S1]
germination = 90-100%: frog-eye-leaf-spot (4)
germination in {80-89%,lt-80%}: alternarialeaf-spot (6/2)
Evaluation on hold-out data (68 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
44 6( 8.8%) <<
[ Fold 3 ]
Decision tree:
int-discolor = brown: brown-stem-rot (42.3/2.3)
int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (19/1)
int-discolor = none:
:...leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion = brown: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: phytophthora-rot (4.8/0.1)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (9.2/0.2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (15.9/0.9)
: leafspots-marg = w-s-marg:
: :...seed-size = norm: bacterial-blight (19/1)
: seed-size = lt-norm: bacterial-pustule (3.2/1.2)
leafspot-size = N/A:
:...leaves = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (17)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...seed-discolor = absent: anthracnose (22)
: : seed-discolor = present:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: purple-seed-stain (9)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (4.3)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...stem = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: cyst-nematode (3.7/0.4)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...leaf-malf = absent: powdery-mildew (18)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.1)
: stem = abnorm:
: :...plant-stand = normal:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (3.2)
: : leaf-malf = absent:
: : :...seed = norm: diaporthe-stem-canker (19/1)
: : seed = abnorm: anthracnose (8)
: plant-stand = lt-normal:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (13.8/6.9)
: leaf-malf = absent:
: :...fruiting-bodies = absent: phytophthora-rot (34.7/1)
: fruiting-bodies = present:
: :...roots = galls-cysts: phytophthora-rot (0)
: roots = norm: anthracnose (9)
: roots = rotted: phytophthora-rot (7.5)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...roots = galls-cysts: cyst-nematode (6.6/0.2)
roots = rotted:
:...area-damaged = upper-areas: phytophthora-rot (0)
: area-damaged = scattered: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (0.1)
: area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (29.8)
: area-damaged = whole-field: herbicide-injury (3.4/0.7)
roots = norm:
:...mold-growth = present:
:...leaves = norm: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (7.3)
: leaves = abnorm: downy-mildew (18)
mold-growth = absent:
:...fruit-pods = few-present: brown-spot (0)
fruit-pods = diseased: frog-eye-leaf-spot (62/1)
fruit-pods = norm:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (8)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (33)
fruiting-bodies = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (26/1)
date in {september,
: october}: alternarialeaf-spot (68/5)
date = july: [S1]
date = august:
:...hail = yes: alternarialeaf-spot (23/7)
: hail = no: frog-eye-leaf-spot (4)
date = june:
:...precip = lt-norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (4)
precip = gt-norm: brown-spot (19)
precip = norm:
:...hail = yes: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (2)
hail = no: brown-spot (2)
SubTree [S1]
precip in {lt-norm,norm}: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
precip = gt-norm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (11/6)
Evaluation on hold-out data (68 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
40 9(13.2%) <<
[ Fold 4 ]
Decision tree:
int-discolor = brown: brown-stem-rot (42.3/2.3)
int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (19/1)
int-discolor = none:
:...leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion = brown: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: phytophthora-rot (4.8/0.1)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (10.2/0.2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (15.9/0.9)
: leafspots-marg = w-s-marg:
: :...seed-size = norm: bacterial-blight (19/1)
: seed-size = lt-norm: bacterial-pustule (3.2/1.2)
leafspot-size = N/A:
:...leaves = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (17)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...seed-discolor = absent: anthracnose (22)
: : seed-discolor = present:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: purple-seed-stain (8)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (4.3)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...stem = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: cyst-nematode (3.7/0.4)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...leaf-malf = absent: powdery-mildew (18)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.1)
: stem = abnorm:
: :...plant-stand = normal:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (3.2)
: : leaf-malf = absent:
: : :...seed = norm: diaporthe-stem-canker (19/1)
: : seed = abnorm: anthracnose (8)
: plant-stand = lt-normal:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (12.5/5.6)
: leaf-malf = absent:
: :...canker-lesion = tan: phytophthora-rot (0)
: canker-lesion = brown: anthracnose (5)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk:
: :...fruiting-bodies = absent: phytophthora-rot (37.3)
: fruiting-bodies = present:
: :...roots = galls-cysts: phytophthora-rot (0)
: roots = norm: anthracnose (5)
: roots = rotted: phytophthora-rot (4.8)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...roots = rotted: phytophthora-rot (33.7/4.5)
roots = galls-cysts: cyst-nematode (6.6/0.2)
roots = norm:
:...mold-growth = present:
:...leaves = norm: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (7.3)
: leaves = abnorm: downy-mildew (18)
mold-growth = absent:
:...fruit-pods = few-present: brown-spot (0)
fruit-pods = diseased: frog-eye-leaf-spot (62/2)
fruit-pods = norm:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (9)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (33)
fruiting-bodies = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (23/1)
date = october: alternarialeaf-spot (29/1)
date = june: [S1]
date = july:
:...severity = severe: frog-eye-leaf-spot (0)
: severity = minor: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
: severity = pot-severe: frog-eye-leaf-spot (9/5)
date = september:
:...stem = norm: alternarialeaf-spot (38/4)
: stem = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
date = august:
:...seed-tmt = none: alternarialeaf-spot (16/3)
seed-tmt = other: frog-eye-leaf-spot (1)
seed-tmt = fungicide: [S2]
SubTree [S1]
precip = lt-norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (4)
precip in {norm,gt-norm}: brown-spot (25/1)
SubTree [S2]
plant-stand = normal: frog-eye-leaf-spot (6)
plant-stand = lt-normal: alternarialeaf-spot (5/1)
Evaluation on hold-out data (68 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
41 6( 8.8%) <<
[ Fold 5 ]
Decision tree:
leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion = brown: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: phytophthora-rot (4.5/0.1)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (11.2/0.2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (15.8/0.8)
: leafspots-marg = w-s-marg:
: :...seed-size = norm: bacterial-blight (19/1)
: seed-size = lt-norm: bacterial-pustule (3.2/1.2)
leafspot-size = N/A:
:...int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (20/2)
: int-discolor = brown:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: brown-stem-rot (31.7/0.7)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.8/0.5)
: int-discolor = none:
: :...leaves = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (17)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...seed-discolor = absent: anthracnose (22)
: : seed-discolor = present:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: purple-seed-stain (7)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (5.1)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...stem = norm:
: :...plant-growth = norm: powdery-mildew (19.9/1.9)
: : plant-growth = abnorm: cyst-nematode (4/0.4)
: stem = abnorm:
: :...area-damaged = low-areas:
: :...plant-stand = normal: anthracnose (4.2/2.2)
: : plant-stand = lt-normal: phytophthora-rot (51.2/5)
: area-damaged = upper-areas:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: anthracnose (4)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.5)
: area-damaged = whole-field:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: anthracnose (5/1)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.6/0.8)
: area-damaged = scattered:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (4.1/1.5)
: leaf-malf = absent:
: :...fruit spots in {colored,
: : distort}: diaporthe-stem-canker (0)
: fruit spots = N/A: diaporthe-stem-canker (17)
: fruit spots in {absent,
: brown-w/blk-specks}: anthracnose (4)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...roots = galls-cysts: cyst-nematode (7.3/0.2)
roots = rotted:
:...area-damaged = upper-areas: phytophthora-rot (0)
: area-damaged in {scattered,whole-field}: herbicide-injury (4.7/0.7)
: area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (27.4)
roots = norm:
:...mold-growth = present:
:...leaves = norm: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (6.8)
: leaves = abnorm: downy-mildew (18)
mold-growth = absent:
:...fruit spots = distort: brown-spot (0)
fruit spots = N/A: brown-stem-rot (8)
fruit spots = colored:
:...fruit-pods = few-present: frog-eye-leaf-spot (0)
: fruit-pods = norm: brown-spot (2)
: fruit-pods = diseased: frog-eye-leaf-spot (54)
fruit spots = brown-w/blk-specks:
:...seed = norm: brown-spot (2)
: seed = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
fruit spots = absent:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (10)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (29)
fruiting-bodies = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (26)
date = october: alternarialeaf-spot (28/1)
date = june:
:...precip = lt-norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (4)
: precip in {norm,gt-norm}: brown-spot (24/2)
date = july:
:...precip = lt-norm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (0)
: precip = norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (2)
: precip = gt-norm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (11/5)
date = september:
:...stem = norm: alternarialeaf-spot (40/3)
: stem = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
date = august:
:...leaf-shread = present: alternarialeaf-spot (2)
leaf-shread = absent:
:...seed = abnorm: alternarialeaf-spot (2)
seed = norm:
:...hail = no: frog-eye-leaf-spot (4)
hail = yes: [S1]
SubTree [S1]
plant-stand = lt-normal: alternarialeaf-spot (8/3)
plant-stand = normal:
:...seed-tmt = other: frog-eye-leaf-spot (0)
seed-tmt = none: alternarialeaf-spot (8/2)
seed-tmt = fungicide: frog-eye-leaf-spot (5)
Evaluation on hold-out data (68 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
49 7(10.3%) <<
[ Fold 6 ]
Decision tree:
leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion = brown: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: phytophthora-rot (4.5/0.1)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (10.2/0.2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (15.8/0.8)
: leafspots-marg = w-s-marg:
: :...seed-size = norm: bacterial-blight (19/1)
: seed-size = lt-norm: bacterial-pustule (3.2/1.2)
leafspot-size = N/A:
:...int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (20.1/2.1)
: int-discolor = brown:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: brown-stem-rot (31.7/0.7)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (3/0.7)
: int-discolor = none:
: :...leaves = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (17)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...seed-discolor = absent: anthracnose (21)
: : seed-discolor = present:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: purple-seed-stain (8)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (5.1)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...stem = norm:
: :...plant-growth = norm: powdery-mildew (19.9/1.9)
: : plant-growth = abnorm: cyst-nematode (4/0.4)
: stem = abnorm:
: :...area-damaged = whole-field: anthracnose (8.6/3.6)
: area-damaged = upper-areas:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: anthracnose (5)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.5)
: area-damaged = scattered:
: :...leaf-malf = present: herbicide-injury (4.2/2)
: : leaf-malf = absent:
: : :...fruit spots in {colored,
: : : distort}: diaporthe-stem-canker (0)
: : fruit spots = N/A: diaporthe-stem-canker (16)
: : fruit spots in {absent,
: : brown-w/blk-specks}: anthracnose (4)
: area-damaged = low-areas:
: :...plant-stand = lt-normal: phytophthora-rot (50.2/4.5)
: plant-stand = normal:
: :...lodging = yes: anthracnose (2.1/0.1)
: lodging = no: diaporthe-stem-canker (3.2/1.2)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...roots = galls-cysts: cyst-nematode (7.3/0.2)
roots = rotted:
:...area-damaged = upper-areas: phytophthora-rot (0)
: area-damaged in {scattered,whole-field}: herbicide-injury (3.7/0.7)
: area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (27.9)
roots = norm:
:...mold-growth = present:
:...leaves = norm: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (6.8)
: leaves = abnorm: downy-mildew (18)
mold-growth = absent:
:...fruit spots = distort: brown-spot (0)
fruit spots = N/A: brown-stem-rot (8)
fruit spots = colored:
:...external decay = watery: frog-eye-leaf-spot (0)
: external decay = absent: brown-spot (2)
: external decay = firm-and-dry: frog-eye-leaf-spot (55)
fruit spots = brown-w/blk-specks:
:...seed = norm: brown-spot (2)
: seed = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
fruit spots = absent:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (9)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (30)
fruiting-bodies = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (27/1)
date = october: alternarialeaf-spot (28/1)
date = june:
:...precip = lt-norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
: precip in {norm,gt-norm}: brown-spot (23/2)
date = july:
:...precip in {lt-norm,
: : norm}: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
: precip = gt-norm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (10/5)
date = september:
:...stem = norm: alternarialeaf-spot (39/3)
: stem = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
date = august:
:...plant-growth = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
plant-growth = norm:
:...hail = yes: alternarialeaf-spot (24/9)
hail = no: frog-eye-leaf-spot (4/1)
Evaluation on hold-out data (68 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
46 3( 4.4%) <<
[ Fold 7 ]
Decision tree:
leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion = brown: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: phytophthora-rot (4.3/0.1)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (9.2/0.2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = w-s-marg: bacterial-blight (21.1/3.1)
: leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (16.9/0.9)
leafspot-size = N/A:
:...int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (20.1/2.1)
: int-discolor = brown:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: brown-stem-rot (30.6/0.6)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.9/0.7)
: int-discolor = none:
: :...leaves = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (17)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...seed-discolor = absent: anthracnose (23)
: : seed-discolor = present:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: purple-seed-stain (9)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (5.2)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...stem = norm:
: :...plant-growth = norm: powdery-mildew (19.9/1.9)
: : plant-growth = abnorm: cyst-nematode (4/0.4)
: stem = abnorm:
: :...plant-stand = normal:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.9)
: : leaf-malf = absent:
: : :...seed = norm: diaporthe-stem-canker (19/1)
: : seed = abnorm: anthracnose (8)
: plant-stand = lt-normal:
: :...area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (49/2.6)
: area-damaged in {upper-areas,
: : whole-field}: anthracnose (9.7/4.7)
: area-damaged = scattered:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: anthracnose (2)
: leaf-malf = present: herbicide-injury (4/1.7)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...roots = galls-cysts: cyst-nematode (7.3/0.2)
roots = rotted:
:...area-damaged = upper-areas: phytophthora-rot (0)
: area-damaged in {scattered,whole-field}: herbicide-injury (3.7/0.7)
: area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (27.4)
roots = norm:
:...mold-growth = present:
:...leaves = norm: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (6.8)
: leaves = abnorm: downy-mildew (18)
mold-growth = absent:
:...fruit spots = distort: brown-spot (0)
fruit spots = N/A: brown-stem-rot (9)
fruit spots = brown-w/blk-specks: brown-spot (3/1)
fruit spots = colored:
:...fruit-pods = few-present: frog-eye-leaf-spot (0)
: fruit-pods = norm: brown-spot (2)
: fruit-pods = diseased: frog-eye-leaf-spot (57)
fruit spots = absent:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (8)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (29)
fruiting-bodies = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (28/1)
date = october: alternarialeaf-spot (28/1)
date = june:
:...precip = lt-norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (4)
: precip in {norm,gt-norm}: brown-spot (23/2)
date = july:
:...precip in {lt-norm,
: : norm}: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
: precip = gt-norm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (10/5)
date = august:
:...seed-tmt = none: alternarialeaf-spot (16/3)
: seed-tmt in {fungicide,
: other}: frog-eye-leaf-spot (13/4)
date = september:
:...stem = norm: alternarialeaf-spot (39/4)
stem = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
Evaluation on hold-out data (68 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
41 7(10.3%) <<
[ Fold 8 ]
Decision tree:
leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion = brown: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: phytophthora-rot (4.4/0.1)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (10.2/0.2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = w-s-marg: bacterial-blight (21.1/3.1)
: leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (16.9/0.9)
leafspot-size = N/A:
:...int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (20/2)
: int-discolor = brown:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: brown-stem-rot (31.7/0.7)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.8/0.5)
: int-discolor = none:
: :...leaves = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (17)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...seed-discolor = absent: anthracnose (21)
: : seed-discolor = present:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: purple-seed-stain (8)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (4.8)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...stem = norm:
: :...plant-growth = norm: powdery-mildew (19.9/1.9)
: : plant-growth = abnorm: cyst-nematode (4/0.4)
: stem = abnorm:
: :...plant-stand = normal:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.7)
: : leaf-malf = absent:
: : :...seed = norm: diaporthe-stem-canker (19/1)
: : seed = abnorm: anthracnose (7)
: plant-stand = lt-normal:
: :...fruiting-bodies = absent: phytophthora-rot (45.4/6.8)
: fruiting-bodies = present:
: :...roots = galls-cysts: anthracnose (0)
: roots = norm: anthracnose (11/1)
: roots = rotted: phytophthora-rot (11.7/1.9)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...roots = galls-cysts: cyst-nematode (7.3/0.2)
roots = rotted:
:...area-damaged = upper-areas: phytophthora-rot (0)
: area-damaged in {scattered,whole-field}: herbicide-injury (4.7/0.7)
: area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (27.3)
roots = norm:
:...mold-growth = present:
:...leaves = norm: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (6.3)
: leaves = abnorm: downy-mildew (18)
mold-growth = absent:
:...fruit spots = distort: brown-spot (0)
fruit spots = N/A: brown-stem-rot (8)
fruit spots = brown-w/blk-specks: frog-eye-leaf-spot (3/1)
fruit spots = colored:
:...fruit-pods = few-present: frog-eye-leaf-spot (0)
: fruit-pods = norm: brown-spot (2)
: fruit-pods = diseased: frog-eye-leaf-spot (52)
fruit spots = absent:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (10)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (31)
fruiting-bodies = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (25/1)
date = july: frog-eye-leaf-spot (13/7)
date = october: alternarialeaf-spot (28/1)
date = june:
:...precip = lt-norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
: precip in {norm,gt-norm}: brown-spot (25/2)
date = september:
:...stem = norm: alternarialeaf-spot (40/4)
: stem = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
date = august:
:...leaf-shread = present: alternarialeaf-spot (2)
leaf-shread = absent:
:...seed-tmt = none: alternarialeaf-spot (15/4)
seed-tmt = other: frog-eye-leaf-spot (3)
seed-tmt = fungicide: [S1]
SubTree [S1]
plant-stand = normal: frog-eye-leaf-spot (6)
plant-stand = lt-normal: alternarialeaf-spot (4/1)
Evaluation on hold-out data (69 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
42 4( 5.8%) <<
[ Fold 9 ]
Decision tree:
int-discolor = brown: brown-stem-rot (42.3/2.3)
int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (19.1/1.1)
int-discolor = none:
:...leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion = brown: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: phytophthora-rot (4.9/0.1)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (11.2/0.2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (15.9/0.9)
: leafspots-marg = w-s-marg:
: :...seed-size = norm: bacterial-blight (19/1)
: seed-size = lt-norm: bacterial-pustule (3.2/1.2)
leafspot-size = N/A:
:...leaves = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (17)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...seed-discolor = absent: anthracnose (21)
: : seed-discolor = present:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: purple-seed-stain (7)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (4)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...stem = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: cyst-nematode (4/0.4)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...leaf-malf = absent: powdery-mildew (18)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.1)
: stem = abnorm:
: :...area-damaged = upper-areas: anthracnose (6.5/1.5)
: area-damaged = whole-field:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: anthracnose (5)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (3.1/0.9)
: area-damaged = scattered:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (5.8/2.7)
: : leaf-malf = absent:
: : :...fruit spots in {colored,
: : : distort}: diaporthe-stem-canker (0)
: : fruit spots = N/A: diaporthe-stem-canker (15)
: : fruit spots in {absent,
: : brown-w/blk-specks}: anthracnose (5)
: area-damaged = low-areas:
: :...canker-lesion = tan: phytophthora-rot (0)
: canker-lesion = N/A: diaporthe-stem-canker (2.1/0.1)
: canker-lesion = brown: diaporthe-stem-canker (2.1/1.1)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (4.3/1.2)
: leaf-malf = absent:
: :...fruiting-bodies = absent: phytophthora-rot (40)
: fruiting-bodies = present:
: :...roots = galls-cysts: phytophthora-rot (0)
: roots = norm: anthracnose (4)
: roots = rotted: phytophthora-rot (4.9)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...roots = galls-cysts: cyst-nematode (7.1/0.2)
roots = rotted:
:...area-damaged = upper-areas: phytophthora-rot (0)
: area-damaged in {scattered,whole-field}: herbicide-injury (3.5/0.8)
: area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (29)
roots = norm:
:...mold-growth = present:
:...leaves = norm: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (6.8)
: leaves = abnorm: downy-mildew (18)
mold-growth = absent:
:...fruit-pods = few-present: brown-spot (0)
fruit-pods = diseased: frog-eye-leaf-spot (59/2)
fruit-pods = norm:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (9)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (33)
fruiting-bodies = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (26/1)
date = october: alternarialeaf-spot (29/1)
date = june: [S1]
date = july: [S2]
date = september:
:...stem = norm: alternarialeaf-spot (40/4)
: stem = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
date = august:
:...leaf-shread = present: alternarialeaf-spot (2)
leaf-shread = absent:
:...seed-tmt = none: alternarialeaf-spot (13/3)
seed-tmt = other: frog-eye-leaf-spot (3)
seed-tmt = fungicide: [S3]
SubTree [S1]
precip = lt-norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
precip in {norm,gt-norm}: brown-spot (22/2)
SubTree [S2]
precip in {lt-norm,norm}: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (3)
precip = gt-norm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (10/4)
SubTree [S3]
plant-stand = normal: frog-eye-leaf-spot (5)
plant-stand = lt-normal: alternarialeaf-spot (4/1)
Evaluation on hold-out data (69 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
47 7(10.1%) <<
[ Fold 10 ]
Decision tree:
int-discolor = brown: brown-stem-rot (42.3/2.3)
int-discolor = black: charcoal-rot (19.1/1.1)
int-discolor = none:
:...leafspot-size = lt-1/8:
:...canker-lesion = brown: bacterial-blight (0)
: canker-lesion = dk-brown-blk: phytophthora-rot (4.7/0.1)
: canker-lesion = tan: purple-seed-stain (9.2/0.2)
: canker-lesion = N/A:
: :...leafspots-marg = w-s-marg: bacterial-blight (22.2/4.2)
: leafspots-marg = no-w-s-marg: bacterial-pustule (15.8/0.8)
leafspot-size = N/A:
:...leaves = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: rhizoctonia-root-rot (18)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...seed-discolor = absent: anthracnose (21)
: : seed-discolor = present:
: : :...fruiting-bodies = absent: purple-seed-stain (9)
: : fruiting-bodies = present: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (4)
: leaves = abnorm:
: :...stem = norm:
: :...plant-growth = abnorm: cyst-nematode (4.1/0.4)
: : plant-growth = norm:
: : :...leaf-malf = absent: powdery-mildew (18)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.1)
: stem = abnorm:
: :...area-damaged = upper-areas:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: anthracnose (5)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (2.9)
: area-damaged = whole-field:
: :...leaf-malf = absent: anthracnose (5/1)
: : leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (3.1/0.9)
: area-damaged = scattered:
: :...leaf-malf = present: 2-4-d-injury (4.7/1.8)
: : leaf-malf = absent:
: : :...fruit spots in {colored,
: : : distort}: diaporthe-stem-canker (0)
: : fruit spots = N/A: diaporthe-stem-canker (15)
: : fruit spots in {absent,
: : brown-w/blk-specks}: anthracnose (5)
: area-damaged = low-areas:
: :...plant-stand = normal:
: :...lodging = yes: anthracnose (2.1/0.1)
: : lodging = no: diaporthe-stem-canker (3.1/0.1)
: plant-stand = lt-normal:
: :...fruiting-bodies = absent: phytophthora-rot (42.1/1.7)
: fruiting-bodies = present:
: :...roots = galls-cysts: phytophthora-rot (0)
: roots = norm: anthracnose (3.1/0.1)
: roots = rotted: phytophthora-rot (3.9/0.2)
leafspot-size = gt-1/8:
:...roots = galls-cysts: cyst-nematode (7.1/0.2)
roots = rotted:
:...area-damaged = upper-areas: phytophthora-rot (0)
: area-damaged in {scattered,whole-field}: herbicide-injury (4.4/0.8)
: area-damaged = low-areas: phytophthora-rot (29.2)
roots = norm:
:...mold-growth = present:
:...leaves = norm: diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight (6.8)
: leaves = abnorm: downy-mildew (18)
mold-growth = absent:
:...fruit-pods = few-present: brown-spot (0)
fruit-pods = diseased: frog-eye-leaf-spot (59/2)
fruit-pods = norm:
:...leaf-malf = present: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (9)
leaf-malf = absent:
:...fruiting-bodies = present: brown-spot (30)
fruiting-bodies = absent:
:...date in {april,may}: brown-spot (27/1)
date = july: frog-eye-leaf-spot (14/8)
date = october: alternarialeaf-spot (26/1)
date = june: [S1]
date = september:
:...stem = norm: alternarialeaf-spot (41/4)
: stem = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
date = august:
:...plant-growth = abnorm: frog-eye-leaf-spot (2)
plant-growth = norm:
:...hail = yes: alternarialeaf-spot (23/7)
hail = no: frog-eye-leaf-spot (4/1)
SubTree [S1]
precip = lt-norm: phyllosticta-leaf-spot (4)
precip in {norm,gt-norm}: brown-spot (23/2)
Evaluation on hold-out data (69 cases):
Decision Tree
----------------
Size Errors
43 6( 8.7%) <<
[ Summary ]
Fold Decision Tree
---- ----------------
Size Errors
1 42 8.8%
2 44 8.8%
3 40 13.2%
4 41 8.8%
5 49 10.3%
6 46 4.4%
7 41 10.3%
8 42 5.8%
9 47 10.1%
10 43 8.7%
Mean 43.5 8.9%
SE 0.9 0.8%
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) (s) <-classified as
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
18 2 (a): class diaporthe-stem-canker
20 (b): class charcoal-rot
1 19 (c): class rhizoctonia-root-rot
87 1 (d): class phytophthora-rot
44 (e): class brown-stem-rot
20 (f): class powdery-mildew
20 (g): class downy-mildew
85 3 4 (h): class brown-spot
20 (i): class bacterial-blight
3 17 (j): class bacterial-pustule
20 (k): class purple-seed-stain
5 39 (l): class anthracnose
4 13 3 (m): class phyllosticta-leaf-spot
85 6 (n): class alternarialeaf-spot
2 1 16 72 (o): class frog-eye-leaf-spot
15 (p): class diaporthe-pod-&-stem-blight
14 (q): class cyst-nematode
3 2 11 (r): class 2-4-d-injury
1 1 3 3 (s): class herbicide-injury
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