加班猝死难认定工伤，员工不该被企业当作“燃料”

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"加班猝死事件频发、工伤难以认定，“996”、“007”等超时加班工作制该如何看待与反思？"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"加班猝死难认定工伤，打工人太难了"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年 1 月 12 日，有媒体报道称，广东汕尾一员工在宿舍猝死。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"律师称，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"非上班时间猝死难以认定工伤"},{"type":"text","text":"，但工友证言和事发前体检报告成胜诉关键。法院认为，死者猝死前一日加班超出法律规定的 1 小时，公司严重忽视对其身体健康的保护，存在侵权行为，且主观上存在过错。最终，该公司被判承担 40% 责任，赔偿 46 万余元。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这是诸多加班猝死事件当中的一例，同样也是非上班时间猝死难以认定工伤的诸多案例中的一例。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2017 年，河北省三河市人民法院的一名法官不幸在家加班猝死。由于法院本身的工作性质，回到家再加班往往是常态，据家属描述，该法官工作直至凌晨，第二天早晨 6 点左右起床继续整理案卷材料，写案件判决。7 点上厕所时突然晕倒，被送往河北省三河市医院，抢救无效于当日死亡。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"随后，该法官妻子向当地人力资源和社会保障局提出工伤认定申请。可是，人社局出具的不予认定工伤决定书，认定这名法官受到的伤害，不符合《工伤保险条例》第 14 条、第 15 条认定工伤或者视同工伤的情形，决定不予认定或者视同工伤。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"无奈之下，该法官的妻子选择诉诸法律。直到 2019 年，事情才总算有了结果，法院认为是否判定为工伤，应充分考虑其工作量及工作难度等诸多因素，并责令当地人社局依法重新作出行政行为。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而更早的时候，海南一高中老师将试卷带回家通宵批改，结果过劳，导致心肌梗塞，第二天早上猝死家中。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"事后，家属和学校向人社局提出工伤死亡认定申请，结果被人社局以“老师的延时劳动 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不是发生在学校（班里或办公室里），不是学校安排的加班"},{"type":"text","text":"”为由，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不予认定"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"家属申请行政复议，结果海南省人社厅维持海口市人社局决定，再提起行政诉讼，被驳回诉讼请求。2013 年，家属再次向海口市中级人民法院上诉，海口中院以人社局认定事实不清为由，判决撤销一审判决，责令海口市人社局重新作出行政行为。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2015 年 1 月 17 日，海口市人社局重新作出工伤认定，仍决定不认定为工伤或视为工伤。家属又进行新一轮的复议、诉讼，直至 2017 年，该案申诉至最高法。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最高法审查认为，职工为了单位的利益，在家加班工作期间，也应当属于“工作时间和工作岗位”，驳回海口市人社局的再审申请。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一个工伤认定，竟然需要两三年，甚至三五年以上的不断申诉才能得到合理的结果，让人不禁叹息：打工人，太难了。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"反思“996”：不能把年轻人当成燃料"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"加班、猝死、“996”，这三个词汇在最近一段时间里频繁出现在人们的视野，也引发了全网的热烈讨论。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在经常需要高强度加班的互联网企业里，加班猝死的情况更是高发。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年 12 月，一名 27 岁员工在公司年终誓师大会期间猝死，家属称“死者生前长期加班，4 年来很少休息，法医说他过度疲劳”；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年初，一名年仅 23 岁的员工加班至深夜不幸猝死；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年 1 月 7 日，某外卖骑手在送餐途中不幸猝死；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"…"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一起又一起血淋淋的案例发生着，企业“996”、“超级大小周”的脚步没有丝毫停留。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"是打工人们太矫情了吗？是企业太没有人性了吗？一位曾参与 InfoQ 旗下 TGO 鲲鹏会举办的 GTLC 全球技术领导力峰会的某企业高层，他从管理者的角度，表达过一些自己对于”996“的看法，以下内容 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"部分摘录"},{"type":"text","text":" 自他 "},{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzA4NTU2MTg3MQ==&mid=2655168291&idx=1&sn=5087daec5d124e55df6b7e381403f383&chksm=84600043b31789553f056deb07a056976cf1c541e87d18d84895302f54af2d35cd3daf3e6592&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"当时的演讲"}]},{"type":"text","text":"："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然有几十万 star 的 996.icu，但维护“996”正确性的人还是不少的，主要是下面几种观点。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一是有追求的人比 996 还忙"},{"type":"text","text":"，“码农”不用矫情而是应该珍惜奋斗机会，老板比员工辛苦多了，还扛着风险；"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这当然是不太靠谱的观念。老板和管理层的收益没有办法完全和普通员工分享，压力和风险也就不要希望普通员工来分担。我见过很多公司，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"要做什么，究竟怎么做没想清楚，CEO 焦虑得不行，就去要求大家 996，这其实只是在传递自己的焦虑而已"},{"type":"text","text":"。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二是认为程序员目前处于整个产业的最底层"},{"type":"text","text":"，按照马克思主义经济理论，当生产力过剩的时候，生产者拿到手的回报就会下降，并且你不做这个工作，还有其他人等着做。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这也是不太靠谱的观念。做技术的真烂大街了吗？从我几百场的面试下来，感觉靠谱的程序员仍然是“卖方市场”：他们的机会很多。另一方面，如果你觉得他们是产业工人，上班对他们就是工作，大家的要求也不过是“依法办事”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"其实我感觉可以冷静地看一下这究竟是一个什么样的问题，不要一上来就是那么对立的姿态。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"高强度工作不是一个中国才有的问题。"},{"type":"text","text":" 不管是 Amazon 的高压管理制度，还是每天睡 4 个小时每周至少一个通宵产假休 11 天的梅姐，还是 Musk 在 twitter 上教育大家 40 个小时一周的工作无法改变世界实际上，全世界都有一些很拼很疯狂的人。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"这么一个古老，又普遍的问题，为什么是中国软件行业爆发了 996.icu？要回答这个问题，我们首先看看，为什么是软件行业，再看看为什么是中国。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"为什么是软件行业？"},{"type":"text","text":" 因为软件的复杂度，我们很多时候不知道怎么度量和改进软件团队的效率和质量，如果靠经验估计出来的时间点等得不到老板和相关利益方的信任，就只能以加班来“拼”。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"为什么是中国？"},{"type":"text","text":" 主要原因当然是我们还很落后。这些年国内的研发水平有了长足进步，但是工程能力和组织能力还是有很大提升空间的，特别是大多数的中小公司，这属于发展中的问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"另一方面，有时候国内这种拼法，多少有把名利上的成就作为成功的唯一标准的原因。这也属于发展中的问题。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"…"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"我是反对 996，特别是强制长期 996 的。核心的原因是，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"本来社会上的劳动力是足够多的"},{"type":"text","text":"。公司“招一个人给两个人的工资干三个人的活”，背后的原因无非是，人多了，沟通和运营的成本会高很多，要保持高的效率也需要很多基础设施的投入和组织能力的建设。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以 996 不是合理的，只是对公司而言合算：它追求的是资本和公司的效益最大化，牺牲了员工的很多生活之外，更侵占了员工学习和发展的时间。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"一个人如果觉得他累了，或者他有名利之外别的追求，我们要能够接受和尊重。"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"不能把年轻人当成燃料，要当成产品去打磨"},{"type":"text","text":"。如果光讲拼搏，我们有过比 996 更狂热的时期，不是吗？我们做一个组织、一个公司，本身还是希望让那些平凡的人干成不平凡的事，"},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"而不是要求每一个员工变成马云"},{"type":"text","text":"。今天到场大多数人是公司里面的技术管理者，这是我对大家的一点呼吁！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"最后我想跟年轻人说一些话。把事情做到极致的人，大多数都有一种拼劲和韧性。究竟该怎么活，自己真正享受什么，喜欢什么，很多时候不是通过循规蹈矩的生活就能弄明白的，总得为什么东西拼过。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"所以我们看待工作，也不能只算报酬。工作除开金钱上的回报之外，还是一个机会，认识创业伙伴，认识花花世界的运作方式，更重要的是，认识自己的机会。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"同时，它也是绝大多数人通往更理想的工作或者人生，唯一的机会。所以，只要环境是公平的，只要你做着正确的事情，拼点儿真没什么。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"参考链接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=MzA4NTU2MTg3MQ==&mid=2655168291&idx=1&sn=5087daec5d124e55df6b7e381403f383&scene=21#wechat_redirect","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/Fj3nUyxwph_4oTfG2_knbQ"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1645837636756269717","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1645837636756269717"}]}]}]}