有了石墨烯芯片，中國就可以不要光刻機了？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"石墨烯雖然帶來了好消息，卻也引發了不小的爭議…"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用石墨烯實現芯片彎道超車，恐怕不易"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年 10 月，在上海舉行的國際石墨烯創新大會上，國產 8 英寸石墨烯晶圓正式亮相。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不同於目前的硅基晶圓，該晶圓是由碳元素爲基底構成的晶圓，一旦投入量產，這種晶圓就可以用於生產全新材質的芯片。當時也有人預測，石墨烯芯片或許會改寫全球芯片發展的軌跡。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於中國來說，石墨烯芯片的意義更加重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"製造是國產芯片一直以來的一塊心病。自從被美國商務部添加到貿易實體名單之後，國內不少企業失去了能夠代工芯片的合作伙伴，隨着美國在芯片領域的對華政策一再收緊，中國芯片製造掣肘的情況日趨嚴重。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"對於硅基晶圓的製造來說，光刻機必不可少，但是全球光刻機市場已經主要被美國操控；另一方面，光刻機工藝複雜，由 5 萬個零件組成，核心組件的供應鏈仍然被美國壟斷。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在這種情況下，中國如何能夠在光刻機上打破限制成爲了國產芯片發展的重要一環。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而石墨烯的出現帶來了新的希望：在製造方面，中國可以獲得自主權；在性能方面，目前已知石墨烯材料比硅基器件在速度、功耗等方面都有優勢，我國若利用石墨烯在芯片上實現彎道超車，效果也是可期的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"雖然整體樂觀，可問題同樣存在。石墨烯材料在 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"加工高可控性、供應鏈、價格"},{"type":"text","text":" 等方面仍然不及硅基。扔掉光刻機？至少現在不行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"萬物皆可石墨烯？中科院院士怒懟：炒作大於實際！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了芯片，石墨烯最近的另一項進展也引發了巨大討論。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年初舉辦的某電動車論壇上，中國科學院院士歐陽明高公開表示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“ 如果有人告訴你，這車能跑 1000 公里，幾分鐘充滿電，還安全，成本又很低。以目前的技術來講，他一定是騙子。”"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而就在該論壇舉辦前不久，汽車製造商廣汽埃安發佈了一張全新電池科技的海報，其中就包含了上述字眼，更是提到了石墨烯材料："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/4c\/4c0594ccad7649b27a5ea9f021d75d74.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此事也在網上引發討論，對於“石墨烯電池”的質疑聲漸漸多了起來。廣汽也很快進行了迴應："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“歐陽明高院士的意思是又要快充、還要續航長、還要便宜，不現實。1000 公里我們也可以 8 分鐘充滿，但是要同時配套相應的充電樁。今年廣汽 1000 公里續航（車型）肯定要推出，快充（車型）也肯定要推出。但技術和推廣是兩個邏輯。”"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作爲近年來熱度比較高的新興科技概念，“石墨烯”三個字多次出現在科技公司的宣傳廣告裏。早在 2016 年，就有車企嘗試過將“石墨烯電池”用於電動車，可是由於成本及技術限制，這一想法最終作罷。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在廣汽石墨烯電池事件發生後不久，有專家指出：目前並不存在真正意義上的“石墨烯電池”，也沒有任何一家電池企業提出過這一概念，而“石墨烯電池”目前也並沒有行業標準，因此，廣汽的這一產品仍然是宣傳概念爲主。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了石墨烯電池，在網上隨便一搜就可以看到更多奇奇怪怪的“石墨烯產品”：石墨烯內衣褲、石墨烯面膜等等。可以這麼說，正如前些年“納米”概念盛行的時候，任何產品前面加上這兩個字，價格就會翻個幾倍，最近網絡上的“石墨烯產品”基本上也都是如此。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，這並不意味着石墨烯就完全沒有了研究前景。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中國在石墨烯研究上也具有獨特的優勢，從生產角度看，作爲石墨烯生產原料的石墨，在我國儲能豐富，價格相對低廉。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如前文所述，石墨和石墨烯有關的材料可以廣泛應用在電池電極材料、半導體器件、透明顯示屏、傳感器、電容器、晶體管等方面。鑑於石墨烯材料優異的性能及其潛在的應用價值，在化學、材料、物理、生物、環境、能源等衆多學科領域已取得了一系列重要進展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"研究者們致力於在不同領域嘗試不同方法以求製備高質量、大面積石墨烯材料。並通過對石墨烯製備工藝的不斷優化和改進，降低石墨烯製備成本使其優異的材料性能得到更廣泛的應用，並逐步走向產業化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"總的來說，石墨烯產業化還處於初期階段，一些應用還不足以體現出石墨烯的多種“理想”性能，而世界上很多科研人員正在探索“殺手鐗級”的應用，未來在檢測及認證方面需要面對太多挑戰，有待在手段及方法上不斷創新。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E7%83%AF\/4458070","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/石墨烯\/4458070"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/new.qq.com\/omn\/20210126\/20210126A006H900.html","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/new.qq.com\/omn\/20210126\/20210126A006H900.html"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1689824738347606722","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1689824738347606722"}]}]}]}