有了石墨烯芯片，中国就可以不要光刻机了？

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"石墨烯虽然带来了好消息，却也引发了不小的争议…"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"用石墨烯实现芯片弯道超车，恐怕不易"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2020 年 10 月，在上海举行的国际石墨烯创新大会上，国产 8 英寸石墨烯晶圆正式亮相。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"不同于目前的硅基晶圆，该晶圆是由碳元素为基底构成的晶圆，一旦投入量产，这种晶圆就可以用于生产全新材质的芯片。当时也有人预测，石墨烯芯片或许会改写全球芯片发展的轨迹。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于中国来说，石墨烯芯片的意义更加重要。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"制造是国产芯片一直以来的一块心病。自从被美国商务部添加到贸易实体名单之后，国内不少企业失去了能够代工芯片的合作伙伴，随着美国在芯片领域的对华政策一再收紧，中国芯片制造掣肘的情况日趋严重。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"对于硅基晶圆的制造来说，光刻机必不可少，但是全球光刻机市场已经主要被美国操控；另一方面，光刻机工艺复杂，由 5 万个零件组成，核心组件的供应链仍然被美国垄断。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在这种情况下，中国如何能够在光刻机上打破限制成为了国产芯片发展的重要一环。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而石墨烯的出现带来了新的希望：在制造方面，中国可以获得自主权；在性能方面，目前已知石墨烯材料比硅基器件在速度、功耗等方面都有优势，我国若利用石墨烯在芯片上实现弯道超车，效果也是可期的。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然整体乐观，可问题同样存在。石墨烯材料在 "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"加工高可控性、供应链、价格"},{"type":"text","text":" 等方面仍然不及硅基。扔掉光刻机？至少现在不行。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"万物皆可石墨烯？中科院院士怒怼：炒作大于实际！"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了芯片，石墨烯最近的另一项进展也引发了巨大讨论。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"2021 年初举办的某电动车论坛上，中国科学院院士欧阳明高公开表示："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“ 如果有人告诉你，这车能跑 1000 公里，几分钟充满电，还安全，成本又很低。以目前的技术来讲，他一定是骗子。”"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"而就在该论坛举办前不久，汽车制造商广汽埃安发布了一张全新电池科技的海报，其中就包含了上述字眼，更是提到了石墨烯材料："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https:\/\/static001.geekbang.org\/wechat\/images\/4c\/4c0594ccad7649b27a5ea9f021d75d74.png","alt":null,"title":null,"style":null,"href":null,"fromPaste":false,"pastePass":false}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"此事也在网上引发讨论，对于“石墨烯电池”的质疑声渐渐多了起来。广汽也很快进行了回应："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"“欧阳明高院士的意思是又要快充、还要续航长、还要便宜，不现实。1000 公里我们也可以 8 分钟充满，但是要同时配套相应的充电桩。今年广汽 1000 公里续航（车型）肯定要推出，快充（车型）也肯定要推出。但技术和推广是两个逻辑。”"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"作为近年来热度比较高的新兴科技概念，“石墨烯”三个字多次出现在科技公司的宣传广告里。早在 2016 年，就有车企尝试过将“石墨烯电池”用于电动车，可是由于成本及技术限制，这一想法最终作罢。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"在广汽石墨烯电池事件发生后不久，有专家指出：目前并不存在真正意义上的“石墨烯电池”，也没有任何一家电池企业提出过这一概念，而“石墨烯电池”目前也并没有行业标准，因此，广汽的这一产品仍然是宣传概念为主。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"除了石墨烯电池，在网上随便一搜就可以看到更多奇奇怪怪的“石墨烯产品”：石墨烯内衣裤、石墨烯面膜等等。可以这么说，正如前些年“纳米”概念盛行的时候，任何产品前面加上这两个字，价格就会翻个几倍，最近网络上的“石墨烯产品”基本上也都是如此。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"但是，这并不意味着石墨烯就完全没有了研究前景。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"中国在石墨烯研究上也具有独特的优势，从生产角度看，作为石墨烯生产原料的石墨，在我国储能丰富，价格相对低廉。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"如前文所述，石墨和石墨烯有关的材料可以广泛应用在电池电极材料、半导体器件、透明显示屏、传感器、电容器、晶体管等方面。鉴于石墨烯材料优异的性能及其潜在的应用价值，在化学、材料、物理、生物、环境、能源等众多学科领域已取得了一系列重要进展。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"研究者们致力于在不同领域尝试不同方法以求制备高质量、大面积石墨烯材料。并通过对石墨烯制备工艺的不断优化和改进，降低石墨烯制备成本使其优异的材料性能得到更广泛的应用，并逐步走向产业化。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"总的来说，石墨烯产业化还处于初期阶段，一些应用还不足以体现出石墨烯的多种“理想”性能，而世界上很多科研人员正在探索“杀手鐗级”的应用，未来在检测及认证方面需要面对太多挑战，有待在手段及方法上不断创新。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"参考链接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E7%83%AF\/4458070","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/石墨烯\/4458070"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/new.qq.com\/omn\/20210126\/20210126A006H900.html","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/new.qq.com\/omn\/20210126\/20210126A006H900.html"}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1689824738347606722","title":"","type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/baijiahao.baidu.com\/s?id=1689824738347606722"}]}]}]}