研究人員啓用全球最快AI超算Perlmutter，將拼接最大宇宙3D地圖

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人類對宇宙的探索從未停止，而隨着超級計算機快速發展，宇宙的神祕面紗也將被慢慢揭下。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"全球最快 AI 超算 Perlmutter 問世"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"5 月 27 日，位於美國勞倫斯伯克利實驗室的國家能源研究科學計算中心（NERSC）正式發佈其下一代超級計算機 Perlmutter（又名 NERSC-9）。Perlmutter 由 HPE 製造，同時採用 AMD CPU 和英偉達 CPU，理論上可提供接近 3.8 exaflop\/s 的 AI 性能，或約 60 petaflops 的峯值雙精度（標準FP64）HPC性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"資料顯示，Perlmutter 共使用了 1500 個 AMD Milan CPU 和 6159 個英偉達 A100 GPU，將爲 7000 多名研究人員提供近 4 百億億次的 AI 性能，提高美國能源部 (DOE) 科學辦公室內廣泛非機密科學研究的高性能計算 (HPC) 能力。此外，Perlmutter 系統還將在推進科學研究方面發揮關鍵作用，包括先進計算、人工智能和數據科學。同時，該系統還將大量用於氣候和環境、清潔能源技術、半導體和微電子以及量子信息科學的研究。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"據 NERSC 介紹，Perlmutter 是世界上用於科學模擬、數據分析和人工智能應用的最快超級計算機之一，其採用異構架構，是 NERSC 當前可用計算能力的四倍。作爲 HPE Cray EX 超級計算機，Perlmutter 共分兩個階段交付："}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"第一階段具有 1536 個 GPU 加速節點，每個節點包含四個連接英偉達 NVlink 的 A100 Tensor Core GPU 和一個第三代 AMD EPYC™ 處理器。同時，第一階段還包括一個 35 PB 的全閃存 Lustre 文件系統，它將以超過 5 TB\/秒的速度移動數據，是同類中最快的存儲系統。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"第二階段將增加 12 個 CPU 機櫃，3072 個節點，每個節點配備兩個 AMD Milan CPU，同時具備 512GB 內存。據瞭解，第二階段將於今年晚些時候正式推出。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"據瞭解，Perlmutter 的後續項目已經在規劃中，代號爲 NERSC-10 和 NERSC-11。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"NERSC 主任 Sudip Dosanjh 表示：“系統的設計和部署需要花費數年的時間。”“很明顯，隨着我們進入後摩爾定律時代，我們將擁有更多的異構系統。我們正在研究不同類型的加速器。我認爲 NERSC-10 不太可能擁有量子加速器，但 NERSC-11 肯定會有。藉助 NERSC-10，我們將真正專注於端到端的 DOE 科學工作流程，並希望通過實驗、數據分析和模擬的集成實現新的科學發現模式。因此，我們不僅要確保科學家可以使用 AI 來分析數據，而且還希望使用 AI 來管理系統以提高系統的可靠性和系統的能源效率。此外，我們的目標是使用 AI 重新配置 NERSC-10 以加速工作流程。”"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Perlmutter 將拼接宇宙 3D 地圖"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"值得一提的是，該系統與伯克利實驗室的天體物理學家 Saul Perlmutter 同名。Saul Perlmutter 曾透過觀測遙距超新星而發現宇宙加速膨脹，並因此獲得了 2011 年諾貝爾物理學獎。因此，Perlmutter 超級計算機的初始用例之一就是支持暗能量光譜儀 (DESI) ，探索暗能量對宇宙膨脹的影響。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"資料顯示，暗能量是一種推動宇宙加速膨脹的神祕力量，人類無法直接使用現有的技術進行觀測。1998 年，科學家首次發現暗能量存在的有力證據，不過作爲當代最大的科研謎題之一，仍有很多科研學者質疑它的存在。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"NERSC 方面透露，Perlmutter 系統將通過處理來自 DESI 的數據（DESI 能夠在一次曝光中捕獲多達 5000 個星），協助繪製跨越 110 億光年的可見宇宙圖。在過去，研究人員的工作流程需要幾周甚至是幾個月的時間，但 Perlmutter 將能夠在短短几天內完成任務。在早期的基準測試中，NERSC 研究人員也曾報告說，使用 GPU 的性能加速提高了 20 倍，這將使他們的工作流程縮短到幾個小時。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"爲了繪製最大的可見宇宙 3D 地圖，DESI 早在 5 月 17 日就正式啓動，開始其爲期 5 年的宇宙探索之旅。DESI 試圖通過捕獲和研究來自宇宙中數千萬個星系和其他遙遠物體的光，創建迄今最大、最精細的星系三維圖譜，以揭示暗能量的奧祕，加深人類對宇宙的理解。 通過測量星系紅移，DESI 研究人員將製作一張宇宙的 3D 地圖，星系在地圖上的詳細分佈有望對暗能量的影響和性質產生新的見解。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"而通過對 DESI 的數據進行彙總處理，Perlmutter 超級計算機也將在繪製宇宙 3D 地圖方面發揮重要作用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"參考鏈接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.nersc.gov\/news-publications\/nersc-news\/nersc-center-news\/2021\/berkeley-lab-deploys-next-generation-supercomputer-perlmutter-bolstering-u-s-scientific-research\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.nersc.gov\/news-publications\/nersc-news\/nersc-center-news\/2021\/berkeley-lab-deploys-next-generation-supercomputer-perlmutter-bolstering-u-s-scientific-research\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.hpcwire.com\/2021\/05\/27\/nersc-debuts-perlmutter-worlds-fastest-ai-supercomputer\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.hpcwire.com\/2021\/05\/27\/nersc-debuts-perlmutter-worlds-fastest-ai-supercomputer\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]}]}