研究人员启用全球最快AI超算Perlmutter，将拼接最大宇宙3D地图

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"blockquote","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"人类对宇宙的探索从未停止，而随着超级计算机快速发展，宇宙的神秘面纱也将被慢慢揭下。"}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"全球最快 AI 超算 Perlmutter 问世"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"5 月 27 日，位于美国劳伦斯伯克利实验室的国家能源研究科学计算中心（NERSC）正式发布其下一代超级计算机 Perlmutter（又名 NERSC-9）。Perlmutter 由 HPE 制造，同时采用 AMD CPU 和英伟达 CPU，理论上可提供接近 3.8 exaflop\/s 的 AI 性能，或约 60 petaflops 的峰值双精度（标准FP64）HPC性能。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"资料显示，Perlmutter 共使用了 1500 个 AMD Milan CPU 和 6159 个英伟达 A100 GPU，将为 7000 多名研究人员提供近 4 百亿亿次的 AI 性能，提高美国能源部 (DOE) 科学办公室内广泛非机密科学研究的高性能计算 (HPC) 能力。此外，Perlmutter 系统还将在推进科学研究方面发挥关键作用，包括先进计算、人工智能和数据科学。同时，该系统还将大量用于气候和环境、清洁能源技术、半导体和微电子以及量子信息科学的研究。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"据 NERSC 介绍，Perlmutter 是世界上用于科学模拟、数据分析和人工智能应用的最快超级计算机之一，其采用异构架构，是 NERSC 当前可用计算能力的四倍。作为 HPE Cray EX 超级计算机，Perlmutter 共分两个阶段交付："}]},{"type":"bulletedlist","content":[{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"第一阶段具有 1536 个 GPU 加速节点，每个节点包含四个连接英伟达 NVlink 的 A100 Tensor Core GPU 和一个第三代 AMD EPYC™ 处理器。同时，第一阶段还包括一个 35 PB 的全闪存 Lustre 文件系统，它将以超过 5 TB\/秒的速度移动数据，是同类中最快的存储系统。"}]}]},{"type":"listitem","attrs":{"listStyle":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"第二阶段将增加 12 个 CPU 机柜，3072 个节点，每个节点配备两个 AMD Milan CPU，同时具备 512GB 内存。据了解，第二阶段将于今年晚些时候正式推出。"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"据了解，Perlmutter 的后续项目已经在规划中，代号为 NERSC-10 和 NERSC-11。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"NERSC 主任 Sudip Dosanjh 表示：“系统的设计和部署需要花费数年的时间。”“很明显，随着我们进入后摩尔定律时代，我们将拥有更多的异构系统。我们正在研究不同类型的加速器。我认为 NERSC-10 不太可能拥有量子加速器，但 NERSC-11 肯定会有。借助 NERSC-10，我们将真正专注于端到端的 DOE 科学工作流程，并希望通过实验、数据分析和模拟的集成实现新的科学发现模式。因此，我们不仅要确保科学家可以使用 AI 来分析数据，而且还希望使用 AI 来管理系统以提高系统的可靠性和系统的能源效率。此外，我们的目标是使用 AI 重新配置 NERSC-10 以加速工作流程。”"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"align":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Perlmutter 将拼接宇宙 3D 地图"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"值得一提的是，该系统与伯克利实验室的天体物理学家 Saul Perlmutter 同名。Saul Perlmutter 曾透过观测遥距超新星而发现宇宙加速膨胀，并因此获得了 2011 年诺贝尔物理学奖。因此，Perlmutter 超级计算机的初始用例之一就是支持暗能量光谱仪 (DESI) ，探索暗能量对宇宙膨胀的影响。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"资料显示，暗能量是一种推动宇宙加速膨胀的神秘力量，人类无法直接使用现有的技术进行观测。1998 年，科学家首次发现暗能量存在的有力证据，不过作为当代最大的科研谜题之一，仍有很多科研学者质疑它的存在。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"NERSC 方面透露，Perlmutter 系统将通过处理来自 DESI 的数据（DESI 能够在一次曝光中捕获多达 5000 个星），协助绘制跨越 110 亿光年的可见宇宙图。在过去，研究人员的工作流程需要几周甚至是几个月的时间，但 Perlmutter 将能够在短短几天内完成任务。在早期的基准测试中，NERSC 研究人员也曾报告说，使用 GPU 的性能加速提高了 20 倍，这将使他们的工作流程缩短到几个小时。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"为了绘制最大的可见宇宙 3D 地图，DESI 早在 5 月 17 日就正式启动，开始其为期 5 年的宇宙探索之旅。DESI 试图通过捕获和研究来自宇宙中数千万个星系和其他遥远物体的光，创建迄今最大、最精细的星系三维图谱，以揭示暗能量的奥秘，加深人类对宇宙的理解。 通过测量星系红移，DESI 研究人员将制作一张宇宙的 3D 地图，星系在地图上的详细分布有望对暗能量的影响和性质产生新的见解。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"而通过对 DESI 的数据进行汇总处理，Perlmutter 超级计算机也将在绘制宇宙 3D 地图方面发挥重要作用。"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":"参考链接："}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}],"text":" "}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.nersc.gov\/news-publications\/nersc-news\/nersc-center-news\/2021\/berkeley-lab-deploys-next-generation-supercomputer-perlmutter-bolstering-u-s-scientific-research\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.nersc.gov\/news-publications\/nersc-news\/nersc-center-news\/2021\/berkeley-lab-deploys-next-generation-supercomputer-perlmutter-bolstering-u-s-scientific-research\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"indent":0,"number":0,"align":null,"origin":null},"content":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https:\/\/www.hpcwire.com\/2021\/05\/27\/nersc-debuts-perlmutter-worlds-fastest-ai-supercomputer\/","title":null,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"https:\/\/www.hpcwire.com\/2021\/05\/27\/nersc-debuts-perlmutter-worlds-fastest-ai-supercomputer\/"}],"marks":[{"type":"color","attrs":{"color":"#494949","name":"user"}}]}]}]}